Active Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Active Immunity mean?

A

Body produces its own antibodies

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2
Q

What are the two types of Active Immunity?

A
  1. Natural Active Immunity
  2. Artificial Active Immunity
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3
Q

What does Natural active immunity refer to?

A

When person catches the pathogen (naturally) and fights it off to produce the body’s own antibodies

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4
Q

What are the terms for when the body first encounters a pathogen?

A

First Infection or Primary Infection

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5
Q

What is the term for the second/third… time the body encounters a pathogen

A

Secondary/Tertiary… infection

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6
Q

Describe the graph of antibody concentration in body during primary infection and secondary infection

A
  • Antibodies appear after approximate 20 day delay for primary infection
  • Secondary Infection produces many more antibodies than primary infection, and concentration of antibodies steeply increases few days after infection
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7
Q

Explain why the graph is much steeper for antibody concentration during secondary infection than primary infection

A

Very steep line indicates rapid division of Memory B-cells into lots of plasma cells, producing lots of antibodies. No symptoms arise.

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8
Q

What does Artificial Active Immunity refer to?

A

Pathogenic antigen is introduced into the body (artificially)

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9
Q

What is vaccination?

A

Purposefully administering pathogenic antigens to induce an immune response and create memory cells which will help fight the real pathogen when encountered

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10
Q

What are the 5 types of vaccination?

A
  1. Live attenuated Vaccines
  2. Inactivated or killed vaccines
  3. Inactivated toxin of bacteria
  4. Sub-units of bacteria or virus
  5. mRNA/DNA vaccines
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11
Q

Explain what a Live Attenuated vaccine is, and how good is it at creating memory cells?

A
  • A weakened version of the pathogen is introduced into the body.
  • It is still alive or partially functional
  • Creates the most amount of Memory B-cells

Examples include: Measles, Rubella, Mumps, yellow fever, polio, etc.

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12
Q

State which people cannot receive Live attenuated vaccines

A
  • Immunocompromised individuals
  • Babies
  • Very old people
  • Preganant women
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13
Q

List which types vaccines can be accepted by all people

A
  • Inactivated or killed vaccines
  • Inactivated toxin of bacteria
  • Sub-units of bacteria or viruses
  • mRNA/DNA vaccines
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14
Q

What is an inactivated or killed vaccines. and how good are they at producing memory b-cells

A
  • Pathogen is killed or made non-fucntional before introduced to body
  • Produces fewer memory cells than live attenuated vaccine

Examples include: Polio, rabies, etc.

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15
Q

What is Inactivated toxin of Bacteria vaccine, and how good is it at producing memory cells?

A
  • Bacterial toxin that is made non-fucntional (called toxoid) is introduced to body
  • Produce fewer memory cells than live attenuated vaccine

Examples include: Diphtheria, tetanus, etc.

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16
Q

What is a sub-unit of bacetria or virus vaccine, and how good is it at producing memory cells?

A
  • Parts of pathogen (pathogenic antigen) only are introduced to body
  • Produces fewer memory cells than live attenuated vaccine

Examples include: Hepatitis B, human papilomavrius, etc.

17
Q

What is a mRNA/DNA vaccine, and how good is it as producing memory cells?

A
  • Section of DNA or mRNA that codes for pathogenic antigen is taken and introduced to body
  • Human body cells use this strand to produce the pathogenic antigen ourselves
  • Then we mount an immune response for the pathogenic antigens we created
  • Produces the fewest amount of memory cells

Examples include: Covid-19

18
Q

What is a booster vaccine?

A

When the same vaccine is re-administered after a period of time to produce memory cells

19
Q

Why is a booster vaccine required?

A

Sometimes, memory B-cells can die over a long period of time, and thus a booster vaccine triggers another immune response increasing number of memory cells

20
Q

Describe graph of first vaccine vs booster vaccine in terms of antibody concentration

A

Antibody concentration is significantly higher after booster vaccine than it is after first vaccine