Exam 3 Week 16 ppt 5: Language Flashcards
what is language?
–Use of conventionalized verbal symbols by which ideas and feelings are communicated
what do deficits in language result from?
–Deficits in language result from cerebral injury
what two things is language composed of?
- Propositional Language
- Emotional Language
Expalin Propositional language:
- –Linking words to physical objects or abstract concepts in sentences
- –Unique to humans (debated), in whom it is highly developed and robust
- –Depends exclusively on structures of cerebral hemispheres
explain emotional language
- –Non-propositional communication between members of a species via vocalization and behavioral displays
- –Present throughout animal kingdom
what is speech?
–Mechanistic aspects of verbal expression involving articulation
what may cause deficits in speech? (4)
–Deficits in speech may follow injury to the
- cerebrum,
- brainstem,
- cerebellum, or
- PNS structures
what is prosody?
–Melodious aspect of speech wherein, inflection, tone, timbre, and rhythm are used to convey meaning
what are the two neuroal substrates of language?
- Limbic Substrates:
- the bilateral facilitating system
- Brainstem as well as cortical areas
- Neocortical substates
- –Association cortex of dominant hemisphere (left)
- –Planum temporale – primary auditory area
- –Perisylvian language zone include Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
- –Association cortex of dominant hemisphere (left)
describe some structure outside of the perisylvian cortex of the left hemisphere (where broca’s and wernicke’s areas are) that are involved in speach?
- . Bilateral limbic substrates exist as a facilitating system involved in the motivation for speech;
- that is thy starter system for speech.
- Brainstem as well as cortical areas are also involved.
- For instance,
- damage to the pariaquductal gray area of the midbrain produces apathetic akinetic mutism, which is a non-fluent aphasia where the individual is lacking propositional speech but actually may retain emotional speech.
- For instance,
What do bilateral limbic substrates do when it ocmes to speech?
- . Bilateral limbic substrates exist as a facilitating system involved in the motivation for speech;
- that is the starter system for speech.
what is an example of how the brainstem and cortical areas are involved in speach?
Brainstem as well as cortical areas are also involved.
For instance,
damage to the pariaquductal gray area of the midbrain produces apathetic akinetic mutism, which is a non-fluent aphasia where the individual is lacking propositional speech but actually may retain emotional speech.
what does damage to the pariaqueductal gray of the midbrain cause (in relationship to speech)?
what is this condition?
damage to the pariaquductal gray area of the midbrain produces
- apathetic akinetic mutism,
- this is a non-fluent aphasia where the individual is lacking propositional speech but actually may retain emotional speech.
what is apathetic akinetic mutism?
- apathetic akinetic mutism is caused by damage to the periaqueductal gray area of the midbrain.
- it is a non-fluent aphasia where the individual is lacking propositional speech but actually may retain emotional speech.
What are the neocortical substrates of language?
•Neocortical substrates
- –Association cortex of dominant hemisphere (left)
- –Planum temporale – primary auditory area
- –Perisylvian language zone include Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
And of course, there is the perisylvian association areas of the dominant left hemisphere, including the planum temporale (the primary auditory area) and Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas.
how are the neocortical substrates linked?
These neocortical substrates are linked by the superior longitudinal fasciculus, and specifically the arcuate fasciculus within the superior longitudinal fasciculus.
what are three primary aphasias that result from damage to the perisylvian language areas?
- –Broca’s aphasia
- –Wernicke’s aphasia
- –Global aphasia
Now damage to the perisylvian language areas results in what we call primary aphasias: Broca’s aphasias, Wernicke’s aphasia, and Global aphasia.
list the primary aphasias?
- –Broca’s aphasia
- –Wernicke’s aphasia
- –Global aphasia
What are aphasic disconneciton syndromes?
Then there are the aphasic disconnection syndromes, which result from lesions of surrounding multimodal cortex or conduction pathways
what are the three aphasic disconnection shyndromes that result form lesions of surrounding multimodal cortex?
Aphasic disconnection syndromes result from lesions of surrounding multimodal cortex
- –Transcortical motor aphasia
- –Transcortical sensory aphasia
- –Conduction aphasia
Then there are the aphasic disconnection syndromes, which result from lesions of surrounding multimodal cortex or conduction pathways, including transcortical motor, transcortical sensory, and conduction aphasias.
what is four other names for Broca’s Aphasia?
- motor aphasia,
- expressive aphasia,
- anterior aphasia,
- non-fluent aphasia
explain Broca’s Aphasia
names
results from
characterized by
•Broca’s Aphasia
– also called Motor, expressive, anterior, non-fluent aphasia
–Damage to inferior frontal gyrus
–Few words and difficulty with language production; comprehension intact
Now Broca’s Aphasia (also called motor aphasia, expressive aphasia, anterior aphasia, or non fluent aphasia) is the result of damage to the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area). It results in the production of few words spoken with difficulty, problems with language reproduction, or repetition of the spoken word. But comprehension is intact.
what are four other names for Wernicke’s Aphasia?
- sensory aphasia,
- receptive aphasia,
- posterior aphasia,
- fluent aphasia
Explain Wernicke’s Aphasia
names
results from
characterized by
•Wernicke’s Aphasia
–also called Sensory, receptive, posterior, or fluent aphasia
–Results from damage to posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus
–Characterized by deficit in language comprehension with relatively fluent but non-sensical
Now Wernicke’s Aphasia (also known as sensory aphasia, receptive aphasia, posterior aphasia, or fluent aphasia) results from damage to the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus. It is characterized by a deficiency in language comprehension, with relatively fluent but nonsensical patterns of speech, sometimes referred to as “word salad.” Because of the problem of comprehension, there is a problem in the reproduction or repetition of language.
Explain Global Aphasia
cause
areas included
characterized by
•Global Aphasia
- –Caused by lesion that destroys nearly all of the perisylvian language zone
- –Includes Broca’s and Wernicke’s territories
- –Characterized by impairments in language production and comprehension
Now global aphasia is caused by a lesion that destroys nearly all of the perisylvian language zone, including both Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. This results in severe language deficits with impairments in language production, comprehension, and then of course repetition of spoken language.
Explain conduction aphasia
type of aphasia
cuased by
charactreized by
It is a disconnection syndrome aphasia
Due to Damage to the superior longitudinal fasciculus
the patient may have fluency and comprehension but cannot repeat spoken language because of the disconnection between these centers
Explain transcortical motor aphasia
type of aphasia
cuased by
charactreized by
A disconnection syndrome aphasia
caused by Damage in watershed area between ACA and MCA
is a form of fluency aphasia, that is it is a not fluent aphasia (motor aphasia).
Explain transcortical sensory aphasia
type of aphasia
cuased by
charactreized by
a disconnection syndorme aphasia
caused by Damage in watershed area between ACA and MCA-PCA
is a form of receptive (comprehension) aphasia.
what is a paraphrasia?
Paraphrasias are characterized by the production of the unintended syllables, words, or phrases during the effort to speak.
Clincial evaluation of language includes what? (3)
- •Spontaneous speech observation for production, comprehension, and prosody
- •Rate of speech production and effort
- •Word choice and paraphrasias
