Exam 3 Week 16 ppt 5: Language

Question 1

what is language?

Answer 1

–Use of conventionalized verbal symbols by which ideas and feelings are communicated

Question 2

what do deficits in language result from?

Answer 2

–Deficits in language result from cerebral injury

Question 3

what two things is language composed of?

Answer 3

1. Propositional Language
2. Emotional Language

Question 4

Expalin Propositional language:

Answer 4

• –Linking words to physical objects or abstract concepts in sentences
• –Unique to humans (debated), in whom it is highly developed and robust
• –Depends exclusively on structures of cerebral hemispheres

Question 5

explain emotional language

Answer 5

• –Non-propositional communication between members of a species via vocalization and behavioral displays
• –Present throughout animal kingdom

Question 6

what is speech?

Answer 6

–Mechanistic aspects of verbal expression involving articulation

Question 7

what may cause deficits in speech? (4)

Answer 7

–Deficits in speech may follow injury to the

1. cerebrum,
2. brainstem,
3. cerebellum, or
4. PNS structures

Question 8

what is prosody?

Answer 8

–Melodious aspect of speech wherein, inflection, tone, timbre, and rhythm are used to convey meaning

Question 9

what are the two neuroal substrates of language?

Answer 9

1. Limbic Substrates:
   
   • the bilateral facilitating system
   • Brainstem as well as cortical areas
2. Neocortical substates
   
   • –Association cortex of dominant hemisphere (left)
     
     • –Planum temporale – primary auditory area
     • –Perisylvian language zone include Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

Question 10

describe some structure outside of the perisylvian cortex of the left hemisphere (where broca’s and wernicke’s areas are) that are involved in speach?

Answer 10

1. . Bilateral limbic substrates exist as a facilitating system involved in the motivation for speech;
   
   • that is thy starter system for speech.
2. Brainstem as well as cortical areas are also involved.
   
   • For instance,
     
     • damage to the pariaquductal gray area of the midbrain produces apathetic akinetic mutism, which is a non-fluent aphasia where the individual is lacking propositional speech but actually may retain emotional speech.

Question 11

What do bilateral limbic substrates do when it ocmes to speech?

Answer 11

• . Bilateral limbic substrates exist as a facilitating system involved in the motivation for speech;
  
  • that is the starter system for speech.

Question 12

what is an example of how the brainstem and cortical areas are involved in speach?

Answer 12

Brainstem as well as cortical areas are also involved.

For instance,

damage to the pariaquductal gray area of the midbrain produces apathetic akinetic mutism, which is a non-fluent aphasia where the individual is lacking propositional speech but actually may retain emotional speech.

Question 13

what does damage to the pariaqueductal gray of the midbrain cause (in relationship to speech)?

what is this condition?

Answer 13

damage to the pariaquductal gray area of the midbrain produces

• apathetic akinetic mutism,
  
  • this is a non-fluent aphasia where the individual is lacking propositional speech but actually may retain emotional speech.

Question 14

what is apathetic akinetic mutism?

Answer 14

• apathetic akinetic mutism is caused by damage to the periaqueductal gray area of the midbrain.
• it is a non-fluent aphasia where the individual is lacking propositional speech but actually may retain emotional speech.

Question 15

What are the neocortical substrates of language?

Answer 15

•Neocortical substrates

• –Association cortex of dominant hemisphere (left)
  
  • –Planum temporale – primary auditory area
  • –Perisylvian language zone include Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

And of course, there is the perisylvian association areas of the dominant left hemisphere, including the planum temporale (the primary auditory area) and Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas.

Question 16

how are the neocortical substrates linked?

Answer 16

These neocortical substrates are linked by the superior longitudinal fasciculus, and specifically the arcuate fasciculus within the superior longitudinal fasciculus.

Question 17

what are three primary aphasias that result from damage to the perisylvian language areas?

Answer 17

1. –Broca’s aphasia
2. –Wernicke’s aphasia
3. –Global aphasia

Now damage to the perisylvian language areas results in what we call primary aphasias: Broca’s aphasias, Wernicke’s aphasia, and Global aphasia.

Question 18

list the primary aphasias?

Answer 18

1. –Broca’s aphasia
2. –Wernicke’s aphasia
3. –Global aphasia

Question 19

What are aphasic disconneciton syndromes?

Answer 19

Then there are the aphasic disconnection syndromes, which result from lesions of surrounding multimodal cortex or conduction pathways

Question 20

what are the three aphasic disconnection shyndromes that result form lesions of surrounding multimodal cortex?

Answer 20

Aphasic disconnection syndromes result from lesions of surrounding multimodal cortex

1. –Transcortical motor aphasia
2. –Transcortical sensory aphasia
3. –Conduction aphasia

Then there are the aphasic disconnection syndromes, which result from lesions of surrounding multimodal cortex or conduction pathways, including transcortical motor, transcortical sensory, and conduction aphasias.

Question 21

what is four other names for Broca’s Aphasia?

Answer 21

1. motor aphasia,
2. expressive aphasia,
3. anterior aphasia,
4. non-fluent aphasia

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

explain Broca’s Aphasia

names

results from

characterized by

Answer 23

•Broca’s Aphasia
– also called Motor, expressive, anterior, non-fluent aphasia
–Damage to inferior frontal gyrus
–Few words and difficulty with language production; comprehension intact

Now Broca’s Aphasia (also called motor aphasia, expressive aphasia, anterior aphasia, or non fluent aphasia) is the result of damage to the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area). It results in the production of few words spoken with difficulty, problems with language reproduction, or repetition of the spoken word. But comprehension is intact.

Question 24

what are four other names for Wernicke’s Aphasia?

Answer 24

1. sensory aphasia,
2. receptive aphasia,
3. posterior aphasia,
4. fluent aphasia

Question 25

Explain Wernicke’s Aphasia

names

results from

characterized by

Answer 25

•Wernicke’s Aphasia
–also called Sensory, receptive, posterior, or fluent aphasia
–Results from damage to posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus
–Characterized by deficit in language comprehension with relatively fluent but non-sensical

Now Wernicke’s Aphasia (also known as sensory aphasia, receptive aphasia, posterior aphasia, or fluent aphasia) results from damage to the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus. It is characterized by a deficiency in language comprehension, with relatively fluent but nonsensical patterns of speech, sometimes referred to as “word salad.” Because of the problem of comprehension, there is a problem in the reproduction or repetition of language.

Question 26

Explain Global Aphasia

cause

areas included

characterized by

Answer 26

•Global Aphasia

• –Caused by lesion that destroys nearly all of the perisylvian language zone
• –Includes Broca’s and Wernicke’s territories
• –Characterized by impairments in language production and comprehension

Now global aphasia is caused by a lesion that destroys nearly all of the perisylvian language zone, including both Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. This results in severe language deficits with impairments in language production, comprehension, and then of course repetition of spoken language.

Question 27

Explain conduction aphasia

type of aphasia

cuased by

charactreized by

Answer 27

It is a disconnection syndrome aphasia

Due to Damage to the superior longitudinal fasciculus

the patient may have fluency and comprehension but cannot repeat spoken language because of the disconnection between these centers

Question 28

Explain transcortical motor aphasia

type of aphasia

cuased by

charactreized by

Answer 28

A disconnection syndrome aphasia

caused by Damage in watershed area between ACA and MCA

is a form of fluency aphasia, that is it is a not fluent aphasia (motor aphasia).

Question 29

Explain transcortical sensory aphasia

type of aphasia

cuased by

charactreized by

Answer 29

a disconnection syndorme aphasia

caused by Damage in watershed area between ACA and MCA-PCA

is a form of receptive (comprehension) aphasia.

Question 30

what is a paraphrasia?

Answer 30

Paraphrasias are characterized by the production of the unintended syllables, words, or phrases during the effort to speak.

Question 31

Clincial evaluation of language includes what? (3)

Answer 31

1. •Spontaneous speech observation for production, comprehension, and prosody
2. •Rate of speech production and effort
3. •Word choice and paraphrasias