Exam 3 Week 16 ppt 1: Multimodal Cortex

Question 1

What is a Primary Unimodal Cortex?

Answer 1

Each primary unimodal cortex has:

• •– single sense input
• –Conscious perception of that modality

Primary Unimodal cortex has a single primary sense input and involves the Conscious perception of that modality.

Question 2

What is a Unimodal Association Cortex?

Answer 2

•Unimodal association cortex –

• –Surrounds each of the primary sensory areas
• –primary unimodal input & integrates info for that specific modality: knowing objects by specific sense

Unimodal association cortex is the cortex Surrounding each of the primary sensory areas. These areas have a 1° unimodal input from that specific modality & integrates info for that specific modality which allosw for appreciating objects by specific sense

Question 3

What is a multimodal Association Cortex?

Answer 3

Areas of the brain that receives information from several primary unimodal cortical areas and the unimodal association areas.

There are three:

1. Anterior association cortex
2. Posterior association cortex
3. Basomedial (limbic) association cortex

But there is also Multimodal Association Cortex, specifically the Anterior, posterior & basomedial association cortices as illustrated in the illustrations ot the right. These areas of Multimodal Association Cortex Receives information from several 1° unimodal cortical areas and the unimodal association areas.

So input to these cortical areas is multimodal & integrates this multimodal and cross-modal information

Question 4

What are the three multimodal association Cortices? (and locations)

Answer 4

1. Anterior association cortex
2. Posterior association cortex
3. Basomedial (limbic) association cortex

But there is also Multimodal Association Cortex, specifically the Anterior, posterior & basomedial association cortices as illustrated in the illustrations ot the right. These areas of Multimodal Association Cortex Receives information from several 1° unimodal cortical areas and the unimodal association areas.

So input to these cortical areas is multimodal & integrates this multimodal and cross-modal information

Question 5

Explain the connections going to the parts of the multimodal association cortex?

Answer 5

1. •Projections from 1° cortices and association cortices to multimodal association cortex
2. •Projections from anterior & posterior multimodal to basomedial multimodal cortex
3. Thalamic input

Projections from 1° cortices and association cortices to multimodal association cortex. As illustrated to the right there are also Projections from anterior & posterior multimodal to basomedial multimodal cortex

Question 6

what is the function of the multimodal association cortex?

Answer 6

All of these areas and connections function to integrate information from all of the senses both primary and association cortex, as well as the motor regions of cortex

Question 7

Explain thalamic input to the multimodal association cortex:

Answer 7

•Thalamic input arises from all thalamic regions, but includes the association nuclei

• –Anterior nucleus to limbic association
• –Dorsomedial nucleus to posterior parietal association cortex
• –Pulvinar to the dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex

Thalamic input arises from all thalamic regions, but includes the association nuclei. The Anterior nucleus projects to the limbic association areas (basomedial multimodal cortex). Dorsomedial nucleusprojects to posterior parietal association cortex and the Pulvinar projects to the dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex, which is the anterior multimodal association area.

Question 8

what are the three association nuclei that have input to the multimodal association cortices, and explain which one goes to which part?

Answer 8

1. –Anterior nucleus to limbic association
2. –Dorsomedial nucleus to posterior parietal association cortex
3. –Pulvinar to the dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex

Question 9

are multimodal association cortices the same in both hemispheres?

Answer 9

No

• they have laterality differences in function
  
  • –Left hemisphere dominant for language and processing of complex stimuli
  • –Right hemisphere for spatial function
• •Also are interconnected with 1° motor & motor association areas

There are laterality differences in function in the Multimodal Association Cortex. For instance the Left hemisphere is dominant for language and processing of complex stimuli while the Right hemisphere for spatial function. These areas are interconnected with 1° motor & motor association areas but the impact of these influences may change based upon the side of the brain.

Question 10

Multimodal Association Cortex: Which hemisphere is dominant for language and processing of complex stimuli?

Answer 10

The left

Question 11

Multimodal Association Cortex: Which hemisphere is dominant for spatial functioni?

Answer 11

the right

Question 12

What is the posterior parietal association cortex invoved in?

Answer 12

•Posterior Parietal association cortex

• Involved in Spatial cognition –

Question 13

What do deficits in the Posterior Parietal Association cortex produce? (8)

Answer 13

1. §Problems with spatial motor tasks – reaching & pointing to visual targets
2. §Deficits remembering travel routes
3. §Inability to organize spatial events in time such as describe events in sequence in a picture (simultaneous agnosia)
4. §Inability to reproduce designs (blocks)
5. §Inability to begin spelling words, dyslexia (skipping words or whole lines when reading)
6. §Inability to recall spatial relationships (layout of room)
7. Unilateral hemispatial neglect
8. –Unilateral hemispatial neglect
   
   • §Inability to direct attention to contralateral personal & extrapersonal space
   • §Most common is left side neglect with right brain lesion
   • §Denial of disability – state that paralyzed limb is not part of their body – called anosognosia or asomatognosia

Deficits producing Problems with spatial motor tasks such as reaching & pointing to visual targets and problems with remembering travel routes – spatial memory

Deficits in the posterior parietal association cortex also produce Inability to organize spatial events in time such as problems in describing events in sequence in a picture (simultaneous agnosia) and an Inability to reproduce designs using marked blocks

Deficits in the posterior parietal association cortex produce Inability to begin spelling words, dyslexia (skipping words or whole lines when reading) and Inability to recall spatial relationships (layout of room)

Damage to the Posterior Parietal association cortex can also produce Unilateral hemispatial neglect with a difficulty in the ability to direct attention to contralateral personal & extrapersonal space with the most

Common form of unilateral neglect is left side neglect with right brain lesion

Damage Posterior Parietal association cortex produces Unilateral hemispatial neglect. In this problem there is a Denial of disability where the patient states that their paralyzed limb is not part of their body which is called anosognosia or asomatognosia

Question 14

Explain unilateral hemispatial neglect caused by deficits in the Posterior Parietal Association cortex:

Answer 14

–Unilateral hemispatial neglect

1. §Inability to direct attention to contralateral personal & extrapersonal space
2. §Most common is left side neglect with right brain lesion
3. §Denial of disability – state that paralyzed limb is not part of their body – called anosognosia or asomatognosia

Damage to the Posterior Parietal association cortex can also produce Unilateral hemispatial neglect with a difficulty in the ability to direct attention to contralateral personal & extrapersonal space with the most

Common form of unilateral neglect is left side neglect with right brain lesion

Damage Posterior Parietal association cortex produces Unilateral hemispatial neglect. In this problem there is a Denial of disability where the patient states that their paralyzed limb is not part of their body which is called anosognosia or asomatognosia

Question 15

what does the frontal lobe multimodal association cortex have?

Answer 15

•Executive Function

• –Placing behaviors within the social (orbitofrontal) & nonsocial (dorsolateral) contexts
• –Alter goal directed behavior within the context in which it is performed

Frontal lobe multimodal association cortex has Executive Function with behaviors within the social (orbitofrontal) & nonsocial (dorsolateral) context. Executive function can Alter goal directed behavior within the context in which it is performed.

Question 16

Five tasks that are included in Executive Function:

Answer 16

•Executive Function
–These tasks include:

1. §Generation of multiple strategies to attain a specific goal or solve a specific problem
2. §Choosing, sequencing and initiating subroutines that collectively achieve the goal
3. §Self-monitoring the adequacy of the sequence of actions
4. §Modifying behavior when conditions change
5. §Inhibiting incorrect responses when distracted

Question 17

What does damage to the anterior association cortex cause?

Answer 17

•Anterior association cortex - damage

1. –Dorsolateral Prefrontal cortex – affective flatness, reduced cognitive & motor activity
2. –Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex – behavioral disinhibition, poor judgment

Question 18

Damage to the Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex produces: (4)

Answer 18

Damage to the Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex produces:

1. Labile affect
2. Behavioral disinhibition
3. Judgment errors
4. Emotional outbursts

Question 19

what is the function of the Limbic (basomedial) association cortex, specifically the anterior cingulate cortex?

Answer 19

1. –Motivation, emotional state, monitoring performance in relationship to rewards
2. –Input about internal state, from gustatory, olfactory and visceral sensations
3. –Part of the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system
4. –Interaction between mesolimbic system (addiction) and cognitive assessment of rewards and motivation
   
   • –Deficits if lesioned include Obsessive-Compulsive & Attention Deficit Disorders

Anterior cingulate cortex of the Limbic (Basomedial) plays and important role in motivation, emotional state, monitoring performance in relationship to rewards. Inputs to this area are about internal state, from gustatory, olfactory and visceral sensations and is part of the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system

Limbic (Basomedial) association cortex allows for the Interaction between mesolimbic system (addiction) and cognitive assessment of rewards and motivation. Deficits if this system is lesioned include Obsessive-Compulsive & Attention Deficit Disorders

Question 20

What is a probelm that damage to the limbic association cortex (in anterior cingulate area) cause?

Answer 20

–Deficits if lesioned include Obsessive-Compulsive & Attention Deficit Disorders

Limbic (Basomedial) association cortex allows for the Interaction between mesolimbic system (addiction) and cognitive assessment of rewards and motivation. Deficits if this system is lesioned include Obsessive-Compulsive & Attention Deficit Disorders

Question 21

What is a probelm that damage to the limbic association cortex (inferior temporal gyrus) causes?

Answer 21

Inferior temporal gyrus, which is part of the Basomedial association cortex, is part of the ventral stream of the visual system and is responsible for facial recognition. So damage produces - Prosopagnosia or the inability to recognize faces

Question 22

what is prosopagnosia?

Answer 22

–inability to recognize faces

Question 23

What is the function of the Posterior Parietal Area?

Answer 23

–Wide variety of behaviors mediating attention to intrapersonal and extrapersonal space and tests for unilateral neglect

There are tests of function for this area

Question 24

What type of tests are used to assess function of the Posterior Parietal Area?

Answer 24

Tests of Function for the Posterior Parietal Area include testing of a wide variety of behaviors mediating attention to intrapersonal and extraeprsonal space and tests for unilateral neglact

Question 25

Answer 25

Question 26

what type of tests asses the posterior parietal area for lateral neglect?

Answer 26

Tests for unilateral neglect include drawing tests where positive signs are lack of one side in all drawings and the inability to do 3-D puzzles

Question 27

What are two anterior assiciation area tests used to assess executive function:

Answer 27

•Anterior Association area – Tests used to assess executive functioning

1. –Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
   
   • §Ordering of cards based upon different characteristics
2. –The Stroop Test
   
   • §Sorting by color word & color

Anterior Association area tests are also used to assess executive functioning including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) which involves the Ordering of cards based upon different characteristics or the Stroop Test which involves Sorting by color word & color

Question 28

what is the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test?

Answer 28

An Anterior Association area – Tests used to assess executive functioning

–Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)

• §Ordering of cards based upon different characteristics

Question 29

what is the Stroop Test?

Answer 29

An Anterior Association area Test used to assess executive functioning

–The Stroop Test

• §Sorting by color word & color

Question 30

What are two tests used to assess the basomedial (limbic) area?

Answer 30

1. –The Counting Stroop Test dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex
2. –Emotional Stroop Test – ventral Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Different forms of the Stroop test include the The Counting Stroop Test for the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex which involves Identifing the number of words, when number words used does not match the number words. And there is the Emotional Stroop Test used to test the ventral anterior cingulate cortex which Uses words with high emotional content to distract from naming color of the words

Question 31

what tests the dorsal anterior cyngulate cortex?

Answer 31

–The Counting Stroop Test dorsal ACC

Question 32

what tests the ventral anterior cyngulate cortex?

Answer 32

–Emotional Stroop Test – ventral ACC

Question 33

what is the Counting Stroop Test?

Answer 33

• A form of the strop test that tests the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex of the basomedial (limbic) area
• §Identify the number of words, when number words used

Question 34

what is an Emotional Stroop Test?

Answer 34

• A form of the strop test that tests the ventral anterior cingulate cortex of the basomedial (limbic) area
• §Use of words with high emotional content to distract from naming color