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PHTH 7303 Neuro > Exam 1 NS Development > Flashcards

Exam 1 NS Development Flashcards

1
Q

The two simultaneous processes in development

A

~morphogenesis

~histogensis

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2
Q

Morphogenesis

A

process by which the normal shape of the adult nervous system is formed

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3
Q

Histogenesis

A

the processes by which nerve cells proliferate and develop form, chemical composition, arrangement, and connections

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4
Q

Morphogensis begins with

A

Gastrulation

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5
Q

Gastrulation

A

~occurs during 3rd week of development

~produces the 3 layered embryonic disc from a single layer of blastula

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6
Q

The three layers formed during gastrulation are

A

~ectoderm- outer
~mesoderm- middle
~endoderm- inner

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7
Q

Mesenchymal cells (during gastrulation)

A

~these cells migrate

~the cells the migrate cranially in the embryo form a structure called a notochord

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8
Q

The phase after gastrulation during morphogenesis is

A

Neurulation

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9
Q

Neurulation is

A

~begins during the 4th week of development
~the notochord formed by the dranially migrated mesenchymal cells induces specialization of the overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate
~ectoderm proliferation produces infolding of the neural plate and formation of neural groove

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10
Q

Neural groove in neurulation

A

~the neural groove deepens with upper cells referred to as neural crest cells
~the neural groove seals off forming the neural tube with separate neural crest cells
~surrounding or peraxial mesoderm forms somites

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11
Q

Central lumen of neural tube forms (during neurulation)

A

~neural (ependymal) canal, which becomes ventricular system

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12
Q

thickening wall of neural tube becomes (during neurulation)

A

brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Neural crest cells develop into

A

~peripheral ganglia (autonomic and dorsal root)
~cells of adrenal medulla
~peripheral glia- Schwann and satellite cells

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14
Q

Neural tube cells develop into:

A

~CNS neurons (pyramidal, stellate, purkinje, spinal motor neurons)
~CNS glia cells (astrocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia, ependymal cells)

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15
Q

Neurons will migrate to their final position in the neural structure by two principal mechanisms of migration:

A

~Radial migration

~Tangential migration

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16
Q

Radial migration

A

~occurs from the “inside-out” from ventricular germinal zone to pial layers (meninges)- cortical plate
~the first migration to deeper layer with later migration passing early migration to end more superficially

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17
Q

Radial migration (3 forms)

A

~somal (perikaryal)
~glial-guided
~branching

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18
Q

Radial migration- Somal translocation

A

~the neuron first sends apical dendrite to pial surface
~cell pulls its cell body up behind the apical dendrite t final level to which the cell body migrate
~generally occurs in early migration to lower layers

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19
Q

Radial migration- Glial-guiding translocation

A

~form of radial migration the glial cells link the germinal zone to the cortical plate (outer level)
~neuron then pull itself up along the glial path
~by this mechanism that the later migration to more superficial layers

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20
Q

Radial migration- Branching translocation

A

~only recent been describe and differentiated as specific form of somal translocation
~neuron apical dendrite branches and the neuron soma follows one branch while others degenerate

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21
Q

Neurulation- openings

A

~Neural canal rostral opening

~Posterior opening

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22
Q

Neurulation- Rostral openings

A

~anterior (rostral) neuropore

~close on day 25

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23
Q

Neurulation- Posterior openings

A

~posterior (caudal) neuropore

~closes on day 27

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24
Q

Neural Tube Defects (3)

A

~Spina Bifida
~Arnold-Chiari Malformation
~Anencephaly

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25
Q

Spina Bifida

A

~Defective closure of the caudal neural pore
~often occurs with other congenital anomalies
~incidence declining with early prenatal detection and dietary supplement folic acid

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26
Q

Spina Bifida (severity)

A

~Spina bifida oculta
~Spina bifida cystica
~Spina bifida with meningocele
~Spina bifida with myelomeningocele

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27
Q

Spina bifida oculta

A

~defect is confined to the vertebral arch
~no clinical symptoms
~it may be marked by tuft of hair on overlying skin

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28
Q

Spina bifida cystica

A

~occurs when there is a herniation through the vertebral defect
~in 2 forms (spina bifida with meningocele and myelomeningocele)

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29
Q

Spina bifida with meningocele

A

~herniation of the meninges but no neural structures through the vertebral defect
~may be without symptoms or the symptoms might be quite mild

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30
Q

Spina bifida with myelomeningocele

A

~when there is a protrusion of both spinal cord and meninges through the vertebral deficit
~symptoms may include (saddle anesthesia, paralysis of bladder and bowel sphincters, paralysis of lower limbs)

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31
Q

Arnold- Chiari Malformation

A

~associated often with spina bifida with meningomyelocele
~congenital anomaly with medulla and posterior cerebellum
~may be asymptomatic
~may result in hydrocephalus and other symptoms

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32
Q

Anencephaly

A

~congenital anomaly that results from a failure of rostral neuropore closure
~large portion of scalp, cranial bones, and cerebral hemisphere are absent
~most die in utero, virtually all by first postnatal week; some cases that survive into childhood

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33
Q

The next stage of morphogenesis after neurulation is

A

vesiculation

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34
Q

What three primary vesicles are formed during vesiculation and what week are they formed?

A

~prosencephalon
~mesencephalon
~rhombencephalon
*week 6

35
Q

What are the 5 secondary formed during vesiculation and what week are they formed?

A 
~telencephalon
~diencephalon
~mesencephalon
~metencephalon
~myelencephalon
*week 8
36
Q

Prosencephalon forms:

A

~telencephalon

~diencephalon

37
Q

Rhombencephalon forms:

A

~metencephalon

~myelencephalon

38
Q

Telencephalon forms:

A

~cerebral hemispheres

~the lateral parts of the basal nuclei (ganglia)

39
Q

Diencephalon forms:

A

thalamus and hypothalamus along with the more medial aspects of the basal nuclei

40
Q

Mesencephalon forms:

A

midbrain

41
Q

Metencephalon forms:

A

~pons

~cerebellum

42
Q

Myelencephon forms:

A

medulla

43
Q

The brain flexures into (4)

A

~Cervical flexures
~Pontine flexures
~Cephalic flexures

44
Q

Cervical flexure

A

~the junction of spinal cord and rhombencephalon

~disappears as head becomes upright

45
Q

Pontine flexure

A

~the junction of metencephalon and myelencephalon widens brainstem shape
~forms the rhomboencephalic sulcus on dorsum of brainstem which forms 4th ventricles

46
Q

Cephalic flexure

A

~the junction of metencephalon and mesencephalon
~persists in mature CNS
~represents the bend of the forebrain on the brainstem

47
Q

Development of Lateral and 3rd Ventricles

A

~obvious in their form n the 12th week

~3rd shrinks with medial expansion of diencephalon and flattens

48
Q

Development of 4th Ventricle

A

~forms is seen as rhombencephalon
~widens and flattens from the pontine flexture
~forms between the thickened brainstem and thin membranous rook

49
Q

Development of Cerebral Aqueduct

A

~pinched down into a thin tube through the mesencephalon with the development and thickening of the midbrain

50
Q

basis of development has _ layers (and what are they)

A

3
~ependymal
~mantle
~marginal

51
Q

Ependymal layer during development

A

germinal layer

52
Q

Mantle later during development

A

neuroblasts and glioblasts migration and for differentiation into different types of neurons and glia respectively

53
Q

Marginal layer during development

A

cells sparse layer into which axon grow forming ascending tracts

54
Q

What are the two plates that are best seen during development?

A

Alar and Basal plate

55
Q

What separates the alar and basal plates?

A

the lateral longitudinal groove called the sulcus limitans

56
Q

Alar Plate

A

develops into sensory neurons

57
Q

Basal Plate

A

develops into motor neurons

58
Q

basis of development of the spinal cord

A

~sensory neurons of alar plate develop into dorsal horn
~axons from these cells project out into the marginal zone and ascend
~motor neurons of basal plate develop into ventral horn (somatic efferents) and lateral horn (autonomic efferents)
~ Axons from both form the ventral root of the spinal cord

59
Q

In the medulla and pons, the Alar and Basal plates are pushed (dorsally or ventrally) by _____ producing the _________

A

Alar and Basal plates pushed ventrally by the developing rhomboid fossa which produces the 4th ventricle and a thin ependymal layer dorsally

60
Q

In the medulla, neurons in the alar plate become

A

somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

61
Q

In the medulla, neurons in the basal plate become

A

somatomotor and visceromotor nuclei and inferior olivary nucleus (motor related)

62
Q

In the pons, neurons in the alar plate become

A

develop into dorsolateral sensory “tegmentum” (sensory nuclei)

63
Q

In the pons, neurons in the basal plate become

A

develop more medial and ventral basilar region again forming motor nuclei of the motor components of the cranial nerves and the pontine nuclei (motor related)

64
Q

Development of the cerebellum- if formed by thickening of

A

thickening of rostral metencephalon to form rhombic lips

65
Q

Development of the cerebellum- projects

A

projects above the roof plate (extraventricular) and partly into the 4th ventricle (intraventricular)

66
Q

Development of the cerebellum- Extraventricular

A

Extraventricular portion of the cerebellum from each side fuse – with the Unpaired central portion forms the vermis and the bilateral portions forming the cerebellar hemispheres

67
Q

Development of the Mesencephalon- the alar plate forms…

A

the “tectum” with the superior colliculus and periaqueductal gray regions
*sensory functions

68
Q

Development of the Mesencephalon- the basal plate forms…

A

forms the tegmentum which contains the oculomotor nucleus, red nucleus, and substantia nigra (motor nuclei)

69
Q

Development of the Mesencephalon- the cerebral peduncle develops..

A

develops from marginal layer of the mesencephalon as axons from the cerebral cortex pass through this area

70
Q

Diencephalon arises from

A

the alar plate

*most of the thalamic nuclei are sensory relay nuclei

71
Q

Hypothalamus and Subthalamus arise from

A

the basal plate

*they are automonic and somatic motor in function

72
Q

Epithalamus arises from

A

the thin roof plate

73
Q

Development of the Telencephalon- the cerebral cortex is formed by

A

the great expansion of the dorsal component of the telecephalic vesicles

74
Q

Development of the Telencephalon- The insula, temporal lobes, and basal nuclei are formed by

A

formed by ventral expanse of this growth of the dorsal component

75
Q

Development of the Telencephalon- what is the only connection between the right and left developing hemispheres?

A

the lamina terminalis (site of closure of anterior neuropore)
*axons forming all connecting commissures project through the lamina terminalis

76
Q

Development of the Telencephalon- the basal nuclei grow around …

A

diencephalon

77
Q

Development of the Telencephalon- axons forming internal capsule project through the …

A

~basal nuclei separating the caudate nucleus form the lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus)
~between the diencephalon and the expanding telencephalic basal nuclei to become the cerebral peduncle

78
Q

Development of the Telencephalon- sulci and gyri (details)

A

~infolding of sulci and gyri form because rapid growth and limited space within forming skull
~sulci and gyri apparent about 7 months

79
Q

Somites

A

~during 3rd week, the mesoderm just lateral to neural tube differentiates into somites that relate to developing neural tube

80
Q

3 parts of somites

A

~dermatome
~myotome
~scleromtome

81
Q

Somite- dermatome

A

develops into dermis of the skin

82
Q

Somite- myotome

A

develops into striated muscle

83
Q

Somite- Sclerotome

A

develops into vertebrae and ribs

PHTH 7303 Neuro (89 decks)

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