Exam 3 Week 16 ppt 3: Memory

Question 1

What is emotion? (4)

Answer 1

•Emotion

1. –Subjective experience imbued with a physical quality that is agreeable (pleasant) or disagreeable (unpleasant)
2. –Varies in intensity or state of arousal
3. –Entirely private mental phenomena
4. –Expressed socially or publicly by discussion or facial expression

Emotion is the Subjective experience imbued with a physical quality that is agreeable (pleasant) or disagreeable (unpleasant). It Varies in intensity or state of arousal. Emotion is an Entirely private mental phenomena and is only

Expressed socially or publicly by discussion or facial expression

Question 2

what is memory?

Answer 2

•Memory

• –Mental registration, retention, and recall of past experience, knowledge, ideas, sensations, and thoughts

Question 3

what is another name for predictive memory?

Answer 3

prospective memory

Question 4

what is predictive memory

Answer 4

–Predictive (prospective) memory

• §Memory of the future
• §Memory of what we should do to successfully negotiate a future event based on past experience

One form of memory is Predictive (prospective) memory, that is a Memory of the future a memory or knowledge of what we should do to successfully negotiate a future event based on past experience

Question 5

what is another name for declarative memory?

Answer 5

explicit memory

Question 6

what is declarative memory?

Answer 6

•Declarative (explicit) memory

• –Memory for facts and events
• Two categories
  
  1. –Episodic (autobiographical)
  2. –Semantic (nonautobiographical)

Question 7

what is episodic memory?

Answer 7

a category of declarative memory

• Episodic (autobiographical) – events from your life

Question 8

What is semantic memory?

Answer 8

a category of declarative memory

• Semantic (nonautobiographical) - facts

Answer 9

what are the two forms of declarative memory?

1. Episodic (autobiographical) – events from your life
2. Semantic (nonautobiographical) - facts

Question 10

what is another name for procedural memory?

Answer 10

implicit memory

Question 11

what is procedural memory?

Answer 11

Procedural (implicit) memory is the Memory of procedures and skills

Question 12

what are two major forms of memory/
?

Answer 12

1. •Declarative (explicit) memory
   
   • –Memory for facts and events
   • –Episodic (autobiographical)
   • –Semantic (nonautobiographical)
2. •Procedural (implicit) memory
   
   • –Memory of procedures and skills

Question 13

what is working memory?

Answer 13

•Working memory
–Running commentary mediated by prefrontal cortex

Question 14

what is another term for long term memory?

Answer 14

consolidated memory

Question 15

what is consolidated memory?

Answer 15

the same as Long Term Memory

• –Long lasting record of event/facts

Question 16

Describe the steps to aquisition and consolidation of memory

Answer 16

1. •Attentive Sensory Awareness – acquisition
2. •Working memory
   
   • –Running commentary mediated by prefrontal cortex
3. •Consolidation
4. •Consolidated memory (Long Term Memory)
   
   • –Long lasting record of event/facts

The acquisition of memory first requires Attentive Sensory Awareness. This leads to short-term or Working memory

Which is a Running commentary mediated by prefrontal cortex. This can lead to memory Consolidation. A Consolidated memory (or Long Term Memory) is a Long lasting record of event/facts

Question 17

where is working memory created and stored?

Answer 17

prefrontal cortex

Question 18

Where is declarative emery created and stored?

Answer 18

Declarative memory is created in the hippocampus and stored in nearby cortical areas and perhaps even the diencephalon

Question 19

where is procedural memory of specific skills and habits consolidated and where is it probably stored?

Answer 19

. Procedural memory of specific skills and habits are consolidated in the striatum and cerebellum and probably stored in the motor cortical areas particularly supplemental motor area

Question 20

where is the prodedural memory emotional associations stroed?

Answer 20

amygdala

Question 21

where are the prodedural memory conditioned reflexes stored?

Answer 21

conditioned reflexes are stored in the cerebellum

Question 22

List the lymbic system structures (7)

Answer 22

1. •Cingulate and parahippocampal gyri
2. •Hippocampus
3. •Amygdala
4. •Septal nuclei
5. •Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)
6. •Hypothalamus
7. •Orbitofrontal association cortex

Question 23

Generally Describe the connections among the limbic system structures

Answer 23

1. •Complex and reciprocally connected
2. •Limbic structures either directly or indirectly connected to the thalamus

As can be seen in this illustration there are Complex and reciprocally connections between different limbic structures and Limbic structures are either directly or indirectly connected to the thalamus

Question 24

How are the nucleus accumbens and hypothalamus connected to the lymbic system?

What is the function of this?

Answer 24

•Nucleus Accumbens & hypothalamus

• –Ventral tegmental area (VTA) of brainstem DA neurons connected via the medial forebrain bundle
• –Mediates behavioral expression of addictive states

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) of brainstem connected via the medial forebrain bundle to the nucleus accumbens and hypothalamus. This pathway Mediates behavioral expression of emotional states, plays a role in motivation and is linked to the development of addictive behaviors. Those who show signs of addiction have over activity in this dopaminergic pathway and activation of inhibitory control of this pathway lessens the risk of addiction. Interesting recent work suggests that stress can block the inhibition of this pathway and is why stress can trigger addictive behaviors.

Question 25

hippocampal formation, amygdala, and orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex lymbic input:

Answer 25

Hippocampal formation, amygdala, and orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex all receive highly processed sensory reports from ongoing experience from every sensory modality.

Question 26

describe the connections and role of the amygdala

Answer 26

• •Shares a vast array of sensory information from all exteroceptive and interoceptive sensory cortices; reciprocally connected
• •Activate and modulate behavioral expression
  
  • –Related to fear and aggression
  • –Damage results in a person without normal fear responses

The amygdala is reciprocally connected and shares a vast array of sensory information from all exteroceptive and interoceptive sensory cortices. The amygdala Activates and modulates behavioral expression. The amygdala is most commonly Related to fear and aggression and damage to the amygdala results in a person without normal fear responses. But the amygdala also is involved in a variety of different emotions including the emotional reaction to music.

Question 27

what does the hippocampal formation include?

what is it’s function?

Answer 27

•Includes the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum

• –Part of the medial wall of the temporal lobe
• –Reciprocally connected to the output end of the limbic system (septal area and hypothalamus)

Function:

• Plays important role in memory consolidation
• •Appears to play a role in autonoetic consciousness – ability to envision oneself in the future

The hippocampal formation Includes the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum. It is Part of the medial wall of the temporal lobe and is Reciprocally connected to the output end of the limbic system (septal area and hypothalamus) and Plays important role in memory consolidation

From case studies in people where the hippocampus is lesioned, it Appears to play a role in autonoetic consciousness – ability to envision oneself in the future

Question 28

Cliincal Connection: H.M

Answer 28

• •Surgical excision of bilateral medial temporal lobes removing anterior hippocampus, amygdala, and overlying cortex
• •Resolved seizure disorder, but lost ability to consolidate STM into LTM
• •IQ, procedural memory, and LTM were spared

HM was a person who had Surgical excision of bilateral medial temporal lobes removing anterior hippocampus, amygdala, and overlying cortex to Resolved seizure disorder. Seizures were cured but he lost ability to consolidate STM into LTM. His IQ, procedural memory, and LTM were spared.

Question 29

Clinical Connection: K.C.

Answer 29

• •Motor Cycle accident damaged medial temporal lobe – hippocampus
  
  • –Retention of previously laid down semantic memory but retrograde amnesia for episodic memory
• •Was able to retain certain % new semantic knowledge but not all
• •Damage to hippocampus
  
  • –Severe impairment of his autonoetic consciousness
    
    • §He was unable to envision himself in the future
    • §When asked what he would be doing later – could not answer
• •He died just a year ago

In another case, KC was involved in a Motor Cycle accident and damaged medial temporal lobe – hippocampus

Retention of previously laid down semantic memory but retrograde amnesia for episodic memory. He was also able to retain certain % new semantic knowledge but not all

KC also had Severe impairment of his autonoetic consciousness. He was unable to envision himself in the future

When asked what he would be doing later – could not answer simple questions about what he was planning to do in the next few minutes as well as what he was planning to due hours, days, months or years from now. He died just a year ago this past February

Question 30

What does bilateral damage to the meidal temporal lobe structures and amygdalae result in?

Answer 30

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

symptoms:

1. –Lack emotional responsiveness
2. –Visual agnosia
3. –Compulsive oral behaviors
4. –Increased sexual activity

Question 31

what is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

symptoms? (4)

Answer 31

•Bilateral damage medial temporal lobe structures & amygdalae results in Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Symptoms:

1. –Lack emotional responsiveness
2. –Visual agnosia
3. –Compulsive oral behaviors
4. –Increased sexual activity

Question 32

Answer 32