Exam 3 Week 16 ppt 3: Memory Flashcards
What is emotion? (4)
•Emotion
- –Subjective experience imbued with a physical quality that is agreeable (pleasant) or disagreeable (unpleasant)
- –Varies in intensity or state of arousal
- –Entirely private mental phenomena
- –Expressed socially or publicly by discussion or facial expression
Emotion is the Subjective experience imbued with a physical quality that is agreeable (pleasant) or disagreeable (unpleasant). It Varies in intensity or state of arousal. Emotion is an Entirely private mental phenomena and is only
Expressed socially or publicly by discussion or facial expression
what is memory?
•Memory
- –Mental registration, retention, and recall of past experience, knowledge, ideas, sensations, and thoughts
what is another name for predictive memory?
prospective memory
what is predictive memory
–Predictive (prospective) memory
- §Memory of the future
- §Memory of what we should do to successfully negotiate a future event based on past experience
One form of memory is Predictive (prospective) memory, that is a Memory of the future a memory or knowledge of what we should do to successfully negotiate a future event based on past experience
what is another name for declarative memory?
explicit memory
what is declarative memory?
•Declarative (explicit) memory
- –Memory for facts and events
- Two categories
- –Episodic (autobiographical)
- –Semantic (nonautobiographical)
what is episodic memory?
a category of declarative memory
- Episodic (autobiographical) – events from your life
What is semantic memory?
a category of declarative memory
- Semantic (nonautobiographical) - facts
what are the two forms of declarative memory?
- Episodic (autobiographical) – events from your life
- Semantic (nonautobiographical) - facts
what is another name for procedural memory?
implicit memory
what is procedural memory?
Procedural (implicit) memory is the Memory of procedures and skills
what are two major forms of memory/
?
- •Declarative (explicit) memory
- –Memory for facts and events
- –Episodic (autobiographical)
- –Semantic (nonautobiographical)
- •Procedural (implicit) memory
- –Memory of procedures and skills
what is working memory?
•Working memory
–Running commentary mediated by prefrontal cortex
what is another term for long term memory?
consolidated memory
what is consolidated memory?
the same as Long Term Memory
- –Long lasting record of event/facts
Describe the steps to aquisition and consolidation of memory
- •Attentive Sensory Awareness – acquisition
- •Working memory
- –Running commentary mediated by prefrontal cortex
- •Consolidation
- •Consolidated memory (Long Term Memory)
- –Long lasting record of event/facts
The acquisition of memory first requires Attentive Sensory Awareness. This leads to short-term or Working memory
Which is a Running commentary mediated by prefrontal cortex. This can lead to memory Consolidation. A Consolidated memory (or Long Term Memory) is a Long lasting record of event/facts
where is working memory created and stored?
prefrontal cortex
Where is declarative emery created and stored?
Declarative memory is created in the hippocampus and stored in nearby cortical areas and perhaps even the diencephalon
where is procedural memory of specific skills and habits consolidated and where is it probably stored?
. Procedural memory of specific skills and habits are consolidated in the striatum and cerebellum and probably stored in the motor cortical areas particularly supplemental motor area
where is the prodedural memory emotional associations stroed?
amygdala
where are the prodedural memory conditioned reflexes stored?
conditioned reflexes are stored in the cerebellum
List the lymbic system structures (7)
- •Cingulate and parahippocampal gyri
- •Hippocampus
- •Amygdala
- •Septal nuclei
- •Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)
- •Hypothalamus
- •Orbitofrontal association cortex
Generally Describe the connections among the limbic system structures
- •Complex and reciprocally connected
- •Limbic structures either directly or indirectly connected to the thalamus
As can be seen in this illustration there are Complex and reciprocally connections between different limbic structures and Limbic structures are either directly or indirectly connected to the thalamus
How are the nucleus accumbens and hypothalamus connected to the lymbic system?
What is the function of this?
•Nucleus Accumbens & hypothalamus
- –Ventral tegmental area (VTA) of brainstem DA neurons connected via the medial forebrain bundle
- –Mediates behavioral expression of addictive states
Ventral tegmental area (VTA) of brainstem connected via the medial forebrain bundle to the nucleus accumbens and hypothalamus. This pathway Mediates behavioral expression of emotional states, plays a role in motivation and is linked to the development of addictive behaviors. Those who show signs of addiction have over activity in this dopaminergic pathway and activation of inhibitory control of this pathway lessens the risk of addiction. Interesting recent work suggests that stress can block the inhibition of this pathway and is why stress can trigger addictive behaviors.
hippocampal formation, amygdala, and orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex lymbic input:
Hippocampal formation, amygdala, and orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex all receive highly processed sensory reports from ongoing experience from every sensory modality.
describe the connections and role of the amygdala
- •Shares a vast array of sensory information from all exteroceptive and interoceptive sensory cortices; reciprocally connected
- •Activate and modulate behavioral expression
- –Related to fear and aggression
- –Damage results in a person without normal fear responses
The amygdala is reciprocally connected and shares a vast array of sensory information from all exteroceptive and interoceptive sensory cortices. The amygdala Activates and modulates behavioral expression. The amygdala is most commonly Related to fear and aggression and damage to the amygdala results in a person without normal fear responses. But the amygdala also is involved in a variety of different emotions including the emotional reaction to music.
what does the hippocampal formation include?
what is it’s function?
•Includes the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum
- –Part of the medial wall of the temporal lobe
- –Reciprocally connected to the output end of the limbic system (septal area and hypothalamus)
Function:
- Plays important role in memory consolidation
- •Appears to play a role in autonoetic consciousness – ability to envision oneself in the future
The hippocampal formation Includes the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum. It is Part of the medial wall of the temporal lobe and is Reciprocally connected to the output end of the limbic system (septal area and hypothalamus) and Plays important role in memory consolidation
From case studies in people where the hippocampus is lesioned, it Appears to play a role in autonoetic consciousness – ability to envision oneself in the future
Cliincal Connection: H.M
- •Surgical excision of bilateral medial temporal lobes removing anterior hippocampus, amygdala, and overlying cortex
- •Resolved seizure disorder, but lost ability to consolidate STM into LTM
- •IQ, procedural memory, and LTM were spared
HM was a person who had Surgical excision of bilateral medial temporal lobes removing anterior hippocampus, amygdala, and overlying cortex to Resolved seizure disorder. Seizures were cured but he lost ability to consolidate STM into LTM. His IQ, procedural memory, and LTM were spared.
Clinical Connection: K.C.
- •Motor Cycle accident damaged medial temporal lobe – hippocampus
- –Retention of previously laid down semantic memory but retrograde amnesia for episodic memory
- •Was able to retain certain % new semantic knowledge but not all
- •Damage to hippocampus
- –Severe impairment of his autonoetic consciousness
- §He was unable to envision himself in the future
- §When asked what he would be doing later – could not answer
- –Severe impairment of his autonoetic consciousness
- •He died just a year ago
In another case, KC was involved in a Motor Cycle accident and damaged medial temporal lobe – hippocampus
Retention of previously laid down semantic memory but retrograde amnesia for episodic memory. He was also able to retain certain % new semantic knowledge but not all
KC also had Severe impairment of his autonoetic consciousness. He was unable to envision himself in the future
When asked what he would be doing later – could not answer simple questions about what he was planning to do in the next few minutes as well as what he was planning to due hours, days, months or years from now. He died just a year ago this past February
What does bilateral damage to the meidal temporal lobe structures and amygdalae result in?
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
symptoms:
- –Lack emotional responsiveness
- –Visual agnosia
- –Compulsive oral behaviors
- –Increased sexual activity
what is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
symptoms? (4)
•Bilateral damage medial temporal lobe structures & amygdalae results in Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Symptoms:
- –Lack emotional responsiveness
- –Visual agnosia
- –Compulsive oral behaviors
- –Increased sexual activity
