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PHTH 7303 Neuro > Exam 1 NS Design > Flashcards

Exam 1 NS Design Flashcards

1
Q

three thing to consider in the basic design of the adult nervous system

A

~Cells of the Nervous System
~Divisions of the Nervous System
~Organizing Principles

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2
Q

two types of cells in the nervous system

A

~Neurons

~Neuroglia

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3
Q

Neurons have _ parts:

A

3

Cell body, dendrites, single axon

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4
Q

Neurons can also be called

A

Nerve cell

~is the principal cell of the nervous system

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5
Q

Cell bodies are

A

~the central part of the neuron

~where the electrical integration occurs

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6
Q

Dendrites are

A

~there any many highly branching dendrites

~forms the input into the cell body

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7
Q

Axons are

A

~the part that connects to the other neurons through a synapse

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8
Q

Neuroglia are also called

A

supporting cells

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9
Q

Neuroglia (details)

A

~come in several forms

~have many different functions (the formation of myelin)

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10
Q

Communication between Neurons is possible because of

A

synapses

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11
Q

Synapses form

A

the connection between neurons and between neuron and the cells of other tissues

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12
Q

Synapses are composed of

A

~a presynaptic neuron whose membrane contains neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles
~membranes of a postsynaptic neuron

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13
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

~are released from the presynaptic membrane and diffuse through the synaptic cleft to act on receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
~binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor produces electrical charges- action potentials

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14
Q

Anatomically, the nervous system is divided into

A

CNS and PNS

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15
Q

Anatomically, the CNS is divided into

A

Brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

Anatomically, the PNS is divided into

A

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves

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17
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 paired

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18
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 paired

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19
Q

Functionally, the nervous system divided is divided into

A

somatic and autonomic

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20
Q

Somatic (details)

A

~innervates the skin

~voluntary muscles of the body wall and limbs

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21
Q

Autonomic (details)

A

~innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissue

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22
Q

The Autonomic is divided into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

23
Q

Organizing Principles of Nervous System (6)

A 
~Regions
~Connective tissue membranes
~Ventricles
~Directions and planes
~White and gray matter
~Fiber organization
24
Q

Regions of the Brain (4)

A

~Cerebrum
~Diencephalon
~Cerebellum
~Brainstem

25
Q

The cerebrum is composed of ______ and can be divided of (2)

A

~composed of 2 cerebral hemispheres

~divided into the superficial cerebral cortex and the deeper basal ganglia

26
Q

The diencephalon is located

A

deep within the cerebrum

27
Q

The diencephalon is composed of

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

28
Q

The brainstem is composted of (3)

A

~upper midbrain
~middle pons
~lower medulla

29
Q

what is another name for upper midbrain?

A

mesencephalon

30
Q

The cerebellum is located

A

along the dorsal aspect of the brainstem

31
Q

The layers of connective tissues that surround the CNS are (3)

A

~Dura mater
~Arachnoid mater
~Pia mater

32
Q

Dura mater (details)

A

the tough outer layer

33
Q

Arachnoid mater (details)

A

the weblike middle layer

34
Q

Pia mater (details)

A

the thin inner layer which hugs the brain and spinal cord tissue

35
Q

Subarachnoid space (details)

A

~between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

~filled with fluid called cerebrospinal fluid

36
Q

Ventricles (how many)

A

There are 4 cavities in the brain.
~2 lateral ventricles (left and right) which project into each cerebral hemispheres
~3rd ventricle between the thalami which separates the two thalami
~4th ventricle in the dorsum of the brainstem, between the brainstem and the cerebellum

37
Q

Ventricles (connections)

A

~2 interventricular foramena- connecting the lateral to the 3rd ventricle
~cerebral aqueduct- connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle

38
Q

Ventricle (function)

A

~filled with CSF, which communicates between the ventricles and between the 4th ventricle and the subarachnoid space
~also communicates with the fluid in the extracellular space of the brain and spinal cord
~involved in eliminating waste products
~providing electrolytes of the extracellular
~limited extent- nutrition to CNS

39
Q

Three basic patterns of transverse sections

A

~Frontal or coronal
~Sagittal (mid sagittal or parasagittal)
~Horizontal
*oblique is between the planes

40
Q

Why is directional terminology different from cerebrum and spinal cord?

A

~the human brain is on the neural axis, which is bent in transition between the brainstem and cerebrum

41
Q

What are the directional terminology for the spinal cord?

A

~rostral or superior
~caudal or inferior
~ventral or anterior
~dorsal or posterior

42
Q

What are the directional terminology for the cerebrum?

A

~Rostral or anterior or frontal
~Caudal or posterior or occipital
~Dorsal or superior
~Ventral or inferior

43
Q

Gray Matter

A

~composed of neuron cell bodies and dendritic field
~in cerebrum and cerebellum, found both along the outside and deep within these structures
~in spinal cord, located only deep within
~in brainstem, located throughout and is intermixes with white matter

44
Q

Gray matter- cortex

A

outer rim of the cortex

45
Q

Gray matter- nucleus

A

~deep gray matter; group of cell bodies

~sometimes called gray or cell columns

46
Q

Gray matter- ganglia

A

groups of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

47
Q

Basal Ganglion

A

basal nuclei of the cerebrum

48
Q

White matter

A

~surrounds the deep gray matter

~composed of groups of myelinated axons

49
Q

White matter- tracts

A

a collection of axon within the CNS with the same termination and function

50
Q

Other types of white matter

A

~white columns, peduncles, pyramids, fasciculus, funiculus, lemniscus or capsule
~cerebral peduncle, internal capsule, dorsal white columns, the pyramids or the medulla and the lateral funiculus

51
Q

Commissure

A

Axons that cross midline from one area of CNS to the equivalent area on the opposite side

52
Q

Decussation

A

Axons that cross midline from one area of the CNS to a different area on the opposite side

53
Q

Afferent

A

~towards the center

~sensory input into the CNS and alternatively fibers going towards a nuclear area

54
Q

Efferent

A

~outward from the center

~motor fibers leaving the CNS and alternatively fibers leaving a nuclear area

PHTH 7303 Neuro (89 decks)

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