Exam 2- week 7 ppt 9 Diencephalon Hypothalamus

Question 1

What are the major functions of the hypothalamus? (5)

Answer 1

~Regulates endocrine & autonomic function
~Chief effector of the limbic system
~Body temperature regulation
~Sleep–wakefulness cycles
~Emotional and behavioral functions

Question 2

Hypothalamus has _ main regions

Answer 2

~Anterior (supraoptic)
~Middle (tuberal)
~Posterior (mammillary)

Question 3

What is included in anterior nuclei? (5)

Answer 3

~Preoptic nucleus
~Supraoptic nucleus
~Suprachiasmatic nucleus
~Anterior nucleus
~Paraventricular nucleus

Question 4

What is included in middle nuclei? (5)

Answer 4

~Dorsomedial nucleus
~Ventromedial nucleus
~Arcuate nucleus
~Dorsal hypothalamic 
~Lateral hypothalamic areas

Question 5

What is included in posterior nuclei? (2)

Answer 5

~posterior nucleus

~mammillary nucleus

Question 6

Neural input into the hypothalamus come primarily from

Answer 6

limbic system
~from the hippocampus from fornix
~from the amygdala via stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathways (VAF)
~the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain and nucleus accumbens via medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
~from Raphe nuclei & locus coeruleus of brainstem via medial forebrain bundle
~from the Solitary nucleus of medulla via dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
~cicumventricular sensory organs

Question 7

Heavy input from limbic structures to the hypothalamus suggest a role in

Answer 7

suggests a role of hypothalamus in providing the physiological response to emotion

Question 8

What are the 3 major cicumventricular sensory organs?

Answer 8

~Area postrema (AP)
~Subfornical organ (SFO)
~Organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis (OVLT)

Question 9

Role of SFO and OVLT in the hypothalamus

Answer 9

the hypo-thalamic osmoreceptors for ADH release

Question 10

Role of AP in the hypothalamus

Answer 10

senses toxins which stimulated for vomiting via the hypothalamus’s connections with the dorsal motor nucleus of X

Question 11

Neural output of the hypothalamus

Answer 11

~cerebral cortex
~midbrain
~hippocampus
~amygdala
~septal nuclei via the same paths as inputs
~Dorsal tegmental fasciculus to spinal autonomic centers
~Thalamus & midbrain via mammillothalamic & mammillotegmental tracts

Question 12

Anterior region: preoptic nucleus (function)

Answer 12

~Thermal regulation
~Drinking behaviors
~Sleep

Question 13

Anterior region: supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus (function)

Answer 13

~Water balance
~Milk ejection
~uterine contraction through their connections with the pituitary gland

Question 14

Anterior region: suprachiasmatic nucleus (function)

Answer 14

~regulation of Circadian rhythms

~circadian release of hormones

Question 15

Anterior region: paraventricular nucleus (function)

Answer 15

eating behaviors and is know as a Satiety center

Question 16

Middle region: ventromedial nucleus (function)

Answer 16

~eating behavior

~know as the primary Satiety center

Question 17

Middle region: dorsomedial nucleus (function)

Answer 17

~eating behavior
~functioning as a hunger center
~physiological responses to Emotional behaviors

Question 18

Middle region: arcuate nucleus (function)

Answer 18

~eating behavior

~some complex roles in feeding behaviors

Question 19

Posterior region: Posterior nucleus (function)

Answer 19

~waking and cortical activion

Question 20

Posterior region: mammillary body nucleus (function)

Answer 20

~memory functions

Question 21

Hypothalamic syndrome: problems with regulation of

Answer 21

~body temperature
~sleep- wakefulness cycle
~urine production
~eating behavior
~reproduction behaviors

Question 22

Hypothalamic syndrome: what is damaged to affect body temperature?

Answer 22

~Anterior damage produces hyperthermia

~Posterior damage produces hypothermia

Question 23

Hypothalamic syndrome: what is damaged to affect sleep?

Answer 23

~wakefulness cycle controlled by suprachiasmatic nucleus
~Anterior damage produces insomnia
~Posterior damage produces hypersomnia

Question 24

Hypothalamic syndrome: what is damaged to affect urine production?

Answer 24

~Damage to paraventricular or supraoptic nuclei prevent synthesis & release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
~Produces “diabetes insipidus” with large output of very dilute urine

Question 25

Hypothalamic syndrome: what is damaged to affect eating behavior?

Answer 25

~Damage to ventromedial nucleus leads to hyperphagia & obesity
~damage to the dorsomedial nucleus produces starvation

Question 26

Hypothalamic syndrome: what is damaged to affect reproductive behavior?

Answer 26

~early damages leading to underdevelopment of genitalia

~Froehlich syndrome with antisocial behaviors, unprovoked rage or aggression