Endometriosis Flashcards
Definition of endometriosis
Endometriosis is a chronic condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus, commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the tissues lining the pelvis.
Causes of endometriosis
Retrograde menstruation=Permits implantation of endometrial glands and stroma into the peritoneal cavity.
Hematogenous or lymphatic spread=Dissemination of endometrial cells take place via the lymphatics or hematogenous vessels
Coelomic metaplasia= Endometriosis can develop in all coelomic cell wall derivatives because of metaplastic phenomenon.
Extrauterine-sourced stem cells= Endometrial and or hematopoietic stem cells could differentiate into endometriotic tissue at different anatomical sites.
Embryogenetic theory with Müllerian rest induction= Persisten or residual embryonic cells of Wolffian or Mullerian ducts may develop into endometriotic lesions in response to estrogen.
Symptoms of endometriosis
Pelvic pain: Chronic pelvic pain that may be severe during menstruation or intercourse.
Painful periods (dysmenorrhea): Menstrual cramps that are more intense than usual.
Pain during or after sexual intercourse (dyspareunia).
Abnormal menstrual bleeding: Heavy or irregular periods, or bleeding between periods.
Infertility: Difficulties in getting pregnant or experiencing recurrent miscarriages.
Diagnosis of endometriosis
Medical history: Discussing symptoms, their severity, and their impact on daily life.
Pelvic examination: The healthcare provider may feel for abnormalities or areas of tenderness.
Imaging tests: Ultrasound or MRI may be used to visualize the pelvic area and detect endometrial growths.
Laparoscopy: A minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a small camera is inserted into the abdomen to directly visualize and confirm the presence of endometrial implants. It is the gold standard for diagnosis.
Treatment of endometriosis
Pain medication: Over-the-counter pain relievers or prescription medications may help alleviate pain and inflammation.
Hormonal therapy: Hormonal treatments, such as birth control pills, progestin therapy, or GnRH agonists, can help suppress the growth of endometrial tissue and manage symptoms.
Surgery: Laparoscopic surgery can remove or destroy endometrial implants, cysts, or scar tissue. In severe cases, a hysterectomy with removal of the ovaries may be considered.
Fertility treatment: Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), may be necessary for individuals struggling with infertility due to endometriosis.
Complications of endometriosis
Endometriosis can lead to various complications, including chronic pain, fertility problems, ovarian cysts (endometriomas), adhesions (scar tissue that can cause organs to stick together), and an increased risk of certain cancers.
