Diziness/Vertigo Flashcards
Definition of Diziness/Vertigo
Dizziness is a general term used to describe a range of sensations, including lightheadedness, unsteadiness, and a spinning or whirling sensation.
Vertigo specifically refers to a type of dizziness characterized by the illusion of movement, such as spinning or the environment moving around the individual.
Dizziness and vertigo can be caused by various underlying conditions affecting the balance and sensory systems in the body.
Pathomechanism of Diziness/Vertigo
Dizziness and vertigo can result from disturbances in the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation.
The vestibular system includes the inner ear, vestibular nerve, brainstem, and specific areas of the brain that process sensory information related to balance.
Disruptions in the function of these structures can lead to dizziness and vertigo.
Causes of Diziness/Vertigo
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV): This occurs when tiny calcium crystals in the inner ear become dislodged and disrupt the normal flow of fluid, leading to vertigo.
Ménière’s disease: This condition involves an abnormal buildup of fluid in the inner ear, leading to recurrent episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear.
Vestibular neuritis: It is an inflammation of the vestibular nerve, usually caused by a viral infection, resulting in sudden and severe vertigo, along with other symptoms such as nausea and imbalance.
Labyrinthitis: Similar to vestibular neuritis, labyrinthitis involves inflammation of the inner ear structures, often due to a viral or bacterial infection. It can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and ringing in the ears.
Medications: Certain medications, such as those used to treat high blood pressure or seizures, can cause dizziness or vertigo as a side effect.
Migraine-associated vertigo: Some individuals with migraines may experience episodes of vertigo as part of their migraine attacks.
Neurological disorders: Conditions like multiple sclerosis, stroke, or brain tumors can affect the brain structures involved in balance and cause dizziness or vertigo.
Symptoms of Diziness/Vertigo
Lightheadedness or feeling faint
Spinning or whirling sensation (vertigo)
Unsteadiness or loss of balance
Nausea or vomiting
Sweating
Blurred vision or visual disturbances
Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
Hearing loss (in some cases)
Anxiety or panic
Diagnosis and ddx of Diziness/Vertigo
The diagnosis of dizziness and vertigo involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and various tests, which may include:
Evaluation of symptoms and medical history: The healthcare provider will ask about the nature, frequency, and duration of the symptoms and any associated factors.
Physical examination: This may include a neurological examination and evaluation of balance and coordination.
Vestibular function tests: These tests assess the function of the vestibular system and may include the Dix-Hallpike maneuver, caloric testing, or videonystagmography (VNG).
Imaging tests: In some cases, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans may be performed to rule out structural abnormalities in the brain or inner ear.
Treatment of Diziness/Vertigo
The treatment of dizziness and vertigo depends on the underlying cause. Some common treatment approaches include:
Canalith repositioning maneuvers: These maneuvers, such as the Epley maneuver, are used to treat BPPV by repositioning the displaced calcium crystals in the inner ear.
Medications: Medications may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms, control nausea, or treat underlying conditions contributing to dizziness or vertigo.
Vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT): VRT is a form of physical therapy that focuses on exercises and techniques to improve balance and reduce symptoms of dizziness and vertigo.
Management of underlying conditions: If dizziness and vertigo are caused by an underlying medical condition, such as Ménière’s disease or migraines, treatment strategies targeting the specific condition may be implemented.
Complications of Diziness/Vertigo
Falls and injuries: Balance disturbances can increase the risk of falls and injuries, especially in older adults.
Anxiety and depression: Chronic dizziness or recurrent vertigo can lead to psychological distress, including anxiety and depression.
Impaired quality of life: Dizziness and vertigo can interfere with daily activities, work, and social interactions, affecting overall quality of life.
Driving limitations: Depending on the severity and frequency of symptoms, individuals may be advised to restrict or avoid driving to ensure safety.
