D3.3 Flashcards
Define homeostasis.
List examples of variables that are maintained by homeostasis by humans.
Compare consequences of negative and positive feedback.
Explain how negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis.
Explain the control of blood glucose concentration, including the roles of glucagon, insulin and the endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets.
Distinguish between causes of type I and type II diabetes.
Distinguish between treatment of type I and type II diabetes.
List risk factors associated with type II diabetes.
Define thermoregulation.
State that birds and mammals are thermoregulators.
Outline thermoregulation as a negative feedback loop.
Explain the process of thermoregulation in humans, including roles of peripheral and central thermoreceptors, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, thyroxin and muscle and adipose tissue that act as effectors of temperature change.
Outline physiological and behavioral responses to cold temperature, including vasoconstriction, shivering, uncoupled respiration and hair erection.
Outline physiological and behavioral responses to heat, including vasodilation and sweating.
State the functions of the kidney.
Describe the structure of a kidney nephron.
Outline the processes of osmoregulation and excretion in a kidney nephron.
Explain the process of ultrafiltration at the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
Define filtrate.
State why plasma proteins and blood cells are not part of glomerular filtrate.
Explain the process of selective reabsorption at the proximal convoluted tubule.
Outline the mechanism of reabsorption for substances in the glomerular filtrate that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
Compare the location and osmotic concentrations of the kidney cortex and medulla.
State the overall function of the loop of Henle.
Describe the structure and function of the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
Describe the structure and function of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
Outline the effects of dehydration and hyperhydration on the osmotic concentration of blood.
Outline the regulation of blood osmotic concentration, including the roles of chemoreceptors, the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and antidiuretic hormone.
Explain how the collecting ducts of the kidney increases the blood osmotic concentration.
Explain how the collecting ducts of the kidney decreases the blood osmotic concentration.
Compare blood flow to skeletal muscle, gut, brain and kidneys during sleep, vigorous physical activity and wakeful rest.
Outline the consequences of low blood solute concentration on the volume of urine produced, solute concentration in the urine, permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water and volume of water reabsorbed.
Outline benefits of regulating blood supply to organs in response to changes in activity.
Outline the consequences of high blood solute concentration on the volume of urine produced, solute concentration in the urine, permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water and volume of water reabsorbed.
Outline the cause and consequences of vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
