D3.3 Flashcards
Define homeostasis.
List examples of variables that are maintained by homeostasis by humans.
Compare consequences of negative and positive feedback.
Explain how negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis.
Explain the control of blood glucose concentration, including the roles of glucagon, insulin and the endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets.
Distinguish between causes of type I and type II diabetes.
Distinguish between treatment of type I and type II diabetes.
List risk factors associated with type II diabetes.
Define thermoregulation.
State that birds and mammals are thermoregulators.
Outline thermoregulation as a negative feedback loop.
Explain the process of thermoregulation in humans, including roles of peripheral and central thermoreceptors, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, thyroxin and muscle and adipose tissue that act as effectors of temperature change.
Outline physiological and behavioral responses to cold temperature, including vasoconstriction, shivering, uncoupled respiration and hair erection.
Outline physiological and behavioral responses to heat, including vasodilation and sweating.
State the functions of the kidney.
Describe the structure of a kidney nephron.
Outline the processes of osmoregulation and excretion in a kidney nephron.
Explain the process of ultrafiltration at the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
Define filtrate.
State why plasma proteins and blood cells are not part of glomerular filtrate.
Explain the process of selective reabsorption at the proximal convoluted tubule.
Outline the mechanism of reabsorption for substances in the glomerular filtrate that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
Compare the location and osmotic concentrations of the kidney cortex and medulla.
State the overall function of the loop of Henle.