D2.1

Question 1

​List implications of the idea that new cells are only produced from a pre-existing cell. ​

Question 2

Define cytokinesis.

Question 3

State the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis.

Question 4

Compare and contrast cytokinesis in plant and animal cells.

Question 5

Describe the formation of the cleavage furrow in animal cell cytokinesis.

Question 6

Describe the formation of the cell wall in plant cell cytokinesis.

Question 7

State the reason why daughter cells must receive at least one mitochondria during cytokinesis.

Question 7

State that cytokinesis usually, but not always, results in equal division of the cytoplasm.

Question 8

State that meiosis is nuclear division that results in reduction of the chromosome number and diversity between genomes.

Question 8

Outline unequal cytokinesis in yeast budding.

Question 9

Outline unequal cytokinesis during human oogenesis.

Question 10

State that mitosis is nuclear division resulting in continuity of the chromosome number and genome.

Question 11

Outline the cause and consequence of anucleate cells. ​

Question 12

State that DNA replication occurs before both mitosis and meiosis.

Question 13

State that DNA replication occurs in S-phase of interphase. ​

Question 14

Explain how replicated DNA molecules are held together, with reference to chromatid, replicated chromosome, centromere and cohesin.​

Question 15

Explain how and why chromosomes condense during mitosis and meiosis.

Question 16

State the role of microtubules and kinetochore motor proteins.

Question 17

State the names of the four phases of mitosis.

Question 18

Draw typical eukaryotic cells as they would appear during the interphase and the four phases of mitosis.

Question 19

Outline four events that occur during prophase.

Question 20

Outline the process of metaphase, inclusive of the role of microtubules and the kinetochore.

Question 21

Outline the process of anaphase.

Question 22

Outline four events that occur during telophase.

Question 23

Determine the phase of mitosis of a cell viewed in a diagram, micrograph or with a microscope.

Question 24

Explain what it means for chromosomes to be “homologous.”

Question 25

Define diploid.

Question 26

State the human cell diploid number.

Question 27

Define haploid.

Question 28

State the human cell haploid number.

Question 29

List example haploid cells.

Question 30

Given a diploid number (for example 2n=4), outline the movement and structure of DNA through the stages of meiosis.

Question 31

Explain why meiosis I is a reductive division.

Question 32

State that cells are haploid at the end of meiosis I.

Question 33

Compare meiosis with mitosis.

Question 34

​Outline the events of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase in meiosis I and meiosis II.

Question 35

Define nondisjunction.

Question 36

State the result of nondisjunction during anaphase I and anaphase II.

Question 37

Describe the cause and symptoms of Down syndrome.​

Question 38

Explain how meiosis leads to genetic variation in gametes.

Question 39

Define bivalent.

Question 40

Describe the process and result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis.

Question 41

Draw a diagram to illustrate the formation of new allele combinations as a result of crossing over.

Question 42

Describe the process and result of random orientation of bivalents during metaphase I of meiosis.

Question 43

Draw a diagram to illustrate the formation of different chromosome combinations that result from random orientation during meiosis.

Question 44

List three processes which require cell proliferation.

Question 44

State that the number of chromosome combinations possible due to random orientation is 2^n.​

Question 44

Define cell proliferation.

Question 44

Outline cell proliferation during growth at plant meristems and early-stage animal embryos.

Question 44

List three processes which require cell proliferation.

Question 44

Describe skin cell proliferation during cell replacement and tissue repair.​

Question 44

List the phases of the cell cycle.

Question 44

Distinguish between interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.

Question 44

Outline events of the G1, S, and G2 phases of interphase.

Question 44

Outline the fate of cells that leave the cell cycle.​

Question 44

Outline the structures that must be produced by a cell as it grows prior to division.

Question 44

List example metabolic reactions occurring during cell interphase.​

Question 44

State the functions of cell cycle checkpoints.

Question 44

Outline events of the G1, G2 and M checkpoints.

Question 45

Outline the role of cyclins in controlling the cell cycle.

Question 45

Interpret a graph of cyclin concentrations throughout the cell cycle.​

Question 45

Describe how cancer arises, referring to accumulation of mutations over time.

Question 45

Define and list mutagens.

Question 45

Explain how mutations to proto- oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes can lead to the development of cancer.​

Question 45

Compare the rates of cell division and growth and the capacity for metastasis and invasion of neighboring tissues between normal cells and cancerous cells.

Question 45

Define primary tumor, secondary tumor, benign, malignant, metastasis and cancer.

Question 45

State the formula for calculation of a mitotic index.

Question 45

Calculate the mitotic index of a tissue as seen in a micrograph.

Question 45

Outline the use of mitotic index calculations in diagnosis and treatment of cancer.​