D2.1 Flashcards
List implications of the idea that new cells are only produced from a pre-existing cell.
Define cytokinesis.
State the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis.
Compare and contrast cytokinesis in plant and animal cells.
Describe the formation of the cleavage furrow in animal cell cytokinesis.
Describe the formation of the cell wall in plant cell cytokinesis.
State the reason why daughter cells must receive at least one mitochondria during cytokinesis.
State that cytokinesis usually, but not always, results in equal division of the cytoplasm.
State that meiosis is nuclear division that results in reduction of the chromosome number and diversity between genomes.
Outline unequal cytokinesis in yeast budding.
Outline unequal cytokinesis during human oogenesis.
State that mitosis is nuclear division resulting in continuity of the chromosome number and genome.
Outline the cause and consequence of anucleate cells.
State that DNA replication occurs before both mitosis and meiosis.
State that DNA replication occurs in S-phase of interphase.
Explain how replicated DNA molecules are held together, with reference to chromatid, replicated chromosome, centromere and cohesin.
Explain how and why chromosomes condense during mitosis and meiosis.
State the role of microtubules and kinetochore motor proteins.
State the names of the four phases of mitosis.
Draw typical eukaryotic cells as they would appear during the interphase and the four phases of mitosis.
Outline four events that occur during prophase.
Outline the process of metaphase, inclusive of the role of microtubules and the kinetochore.
Outline the process of anaphase.
Outline four events that occur during telophase.
Determine the phase of mitosis of a cell viewed in a diagram, micrograph or with a microscope.
Explain what it means for chromosomes to be “homologous.”
Define diploid.
State the human cell diploid number.
Define haploid.
State the human cell haploid number.
List example haploid cells.
Given a diploid number (for example 2n=4), outline the movement and structure of DNA through the stages of meiosis.
Explain why meiosis I is a reductive division.
State that cells are haploid at the end of meiosis I.
Compare meiosis with mitosis.
Outline the events of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase in meiosis I and meiosis II.
Define nondisjunction.
State the result of nondisjunction during anaphase I and anaphase II.
Describe the cause and symptoms of Down syndrome.
Explain how meiosis leads to genetic variation in gametes.
Define bivalent.
Describe the process and result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis.
Draw a diagram to illustrate the formation of new allele combinations as a result of crossing over.
Describe the process and result of random orientation of bivalents during metaphase I of meiosis.
Draw a diagram to illustrate the formation of different chromosome combinations that result from random orientation during meiosis.
List three processes which require cell proliferation.
State that the number of chromosome combinations possible due to random orientation is 2^n.
Define cell proliferation.
Outline cell proliferation during growth at plant meristems and early-stage animal embryos.
List three processes which require cell proliferation.
Describe skin cell proliferation during cell replacement and tissue repair.
List the phases of the cell cycle.
Distinguish between interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.
Outline events of the G1, S, and G2 phases of interphase.
Outline the fate of cells that leave the cell cycle.
Outline the structures that must be produced by a cell as it grows prior to division.
List example metabolic reactions occurring during cell interphase.
State the functions of cell cycle checkpoints.
Outline events of the G1, G2 and M checkpoints.
Outline the role of cyclins in controlling the cell cycle.
Interpret a graph of cyclin concentrations throughout the cell cycle.
Describe how cancer arises, referring to accumulation of mutations over time.
Define and list mutagens.
Explain how mutations to proto- oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes can lead to the development of cancer.
Compare the rates of cell division and growth and the capacity for metastasis and invasion of neighboring tissues between normal cells and cancerous cells.
Define primary tumor, secondary tumor, benign, malignant, metastasis and cancer.
State the formula for calculation of a mitotic index.
Calculate the mitotic index of a tissue as seen in a micrograph.
Outline the use of mitotic index calculations in diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
