C2.1

Question 1

Outline the structure and function of receptor molecules.

Question 2

Outline the relationship between receptor and a specific ligand.​

Question 3

Describe the process of quorum sensing in a population of bacteria, including the role of signaling molecules, receptors and a threshold for gene expression.

Question 4

Outline the process of bioluminescence in Vibrio fischeri as an example of quorum sensing in bacteria.

Question 5

State that signaling systems have evolved repeatedly, leading to a wide range of chemical substances being used as signaling chemicals. ​

Question 6

Define ligand.

Question 7

Compare the structure and function of different categories of animal chemical signaling molecules, including hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines and calcium ions.

Question 8

State the properties shared by all signaling chemicals.

Question 9

Outline the chemical categories of hormones.

Question 10

Outline chemical categories of neurotransmitters.​

Question 11

Contrast the location of effect relative to the location of release between hormones and neurotransmitters.​​

Question 12

Distinguish between structure of transmembrane receptors and intracellular receptors, including distribution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids.

Question 13

Compare the ligands ability to enter the target cell for transmembrane and intracellular receptors.

Question 14

Outline the steps of a signaling pathway.

Question 15

Define first messenger, transduction, signaling cascade, and second messenger.

Question 16

Outline the three pathways that can be activated when a ligand binds to a transmembrane receptor.

Question 17

Outline the effect of a ligand binding to an intracellular receptor.

Question 18

List the general cell responses to the binding of a signaling molecule.

Question 19

State that acetylcholine is one of the most common neurotransmitters in both invertebrates and vertebrates and is used as the neurotransmitter in many synapses including between neurons and muscle fibers.

Question 19

Outline the mechanism of synaptic transmission occurring at a post-synaptic cell, including the role of the neurotransmitter, transmembrane receptor, gated ion channel, threshold potential and action potential.

Question 20

Describe the structure and function of the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and of the G-proteins.

Question 20

Outline activation of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs).

Question 21

Outline how binding of a signaling ligand to a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) can cause change in the target cell.

Question 22

List example signaling ligands that target G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs).

Question 23

State that epinephrine is secreted by adrenal glands in preparation for vigorous activity.

Question 24

Describe the activation of the cAMP second messenger system by the epinephrine receptor.

Question 25

Outline the effects of epinephrine on a body.

Question 26

Define phosphorylation and kinase.

Question 27

Describe the cause and effect of the activation of the insulin receptor.

Question 28

State that insulin is secreted by pancreas cells when blood glucose levels are high.

Question 28

Describe the action of receptors with tyrosine kinase activity.

Question 29

State the oestradiol and progesterone are steroid hormones.

Question 29

Describe the mechanism of steroid hormone action.

Question 30

Describe the role of oestradiol in the regulation of the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary, including the role of the hypothalamus, the oestradiol receptor, transcription factor and gonadotropin releasing hormone.

Question 30

List example steroid hormones.

Question 31

Describe the role of progesterone in the formation and maintenance of the endometrium, including the progesterone receptor, transcription factor and growth factor protein.

Question 31

Outline one example of a steroid hormone promoting transcription of a specific gene.

Question 32

Compare the processes and consequences of positive and negative feedback.

Question 33

Outline one example each of hormonal regulation via positive feedback and negative feedback.