A4.1

Question 1

Define evolution

Question 2

Distinguish between Lamarckism Darwinian evolution

Question 3

Outline evolution via natural selection as a paradigm shift in biology

Question 4

State that similarities and differences between DNA, RNA and amino acids sequences can be evidence for evolution.

Question 5

Discuss sequence data showing evidence for evolution within a species

Question 6

Outline the relationship between time, evolutionary relationships and biological sequence (nitrogenous base or amino acid) similarities between species

Question 7

Define artificial selection

Question 8

List reasons why humans have selectively bred domesticated animals and crop plants

Question 9

Outline how selective breeding can lead to rapid evolutionary change

Question 10

Explain an example of artificial selection in a crop plant.

Question 11

Explain an example of artificial selection in a domestic animal

Question 12

Define homologous structure

Question 13

List examples of different types of homologous structures at different levels of biological organization.

Question 14

Define pentadactyl limb.

Question 15

List the bone structures present in the pentadactyl limb (specific names of bones are not required).

Question 16

Identify pentadactyl limb structures in diagrams of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

Question 17

Relate differences in pentadactyl limb structures to differences in limb function.

Question 18

Define divergent evolution.

Question 19

Describe how divergent evolution explains the pattern found in pentadactyl limb structure yet allows for the specialization of different limb functions.​

Question 20

Define analogous structure.

Question 21

State an example of an analogous structure found in two species.

Question 22

Outline how convergent evolution results in analogous structures.​

Question 23

Define speciation.

Question 24

State an example of an analogous structure found in two species.

Question 25

State the impact of speciation and extinction on the total number of species on Earth

Question 26

List two processes required for speciation to occur

Question 27

Define reproductive isolation

Question 28

Outline how reproductive isolation and differential survival lead to speciation.

Question 29

Outline the speciation between chimpanzees and bonobos.

Question 30

Compare allopatric and sympatric speciation.

Question 31

Explain temporal, behavioral and geographic isolation as mechanisms of reproductive isolation.

Question 32

Describe an example of temporal, behavioral and geographic reproductive isolation.

Question 33

Outline the cause and consequence of adaptive radiation.

Question 34

Outline an example of adaptive radiation as a source of biodiversity.

Question 35

Define interspecies hybrid.

Question 36

Describe the example of a mule as an infertile interspecies hybrid.

Question 37

State why organisms have evolved barriers to prevent interspecies hybridization.

Question 38

Outline pre- and post-zygotic mechanisms to prevent interspecies hybridization.

Question 39

Define polyploidy.

Question 40

Outline the cause of polyploidy.

Question 41

Compare autopolyploidy to allopolyploidy.

Question 42

Explain how allopolyploidy can lead to abrupt speciation.

Question 43

Outline how polyploidy has led to many species of Persicaria.​