C3.2 Flashcards
List three major types of cause of disease.
Define “pathogen.”
List major pathogen types.
Define “primary defense.”
Outline the role of skin, sebaceous glands and mucous membranes in the defense against pathogens.
State two benefits of blood clotting when skin is cut.
Outline two roles of platelets in the blood clotting cascade.
Describe the blood clotting cascade, including the role of platelets, clotting factors, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin.
Distinguish between innate and adaptive immunity, including the types of cells and timing of response to infection.
Outline the function of phagocytic white blood cells in defense against pathogens.
Describe the process by which a macrophage destroys a pathogen.
Outline the structure and function of lymphocyte cells.
State the location of lymphocytes in the body.
Define “specific” in relation to an immune response.
Define “antibody.”
Outline the role of lymphocytes in producing antibodies to a specific pathogen.
Define antigen.
Describe the structure of antigens.
Describe the cause and consequence of an antibody binding to an antigen.
Outline the difference between the ABO blood antigens.
State the four human ABO blood types.
Describe the consequence of mismatched blood transfusions, including agglutination and hemolysis.
Describe activation of helper T lymphocytes by a macrophage cell.
Outline the role of the helper T lymphocytes in the activation of B lymphocytes.
State that B-cells secrete antibodies only when they have been activated by a helper T-cell.
Describe clonal selection of plasma B cells.
State the plasma B-cells produce antibodies only after they have grown and differentiated for protein synthesis.
Define immunity.
Outline the role of memory B cells in maintaining immunity.
Compare the primary and secondary immune responses to a specific pathogen in regards to magnitude, speed and duration.
List mechanisms of HIV transmission.
Describe the consequences of HIV on the immune system.
Outline the relationship between HIV and AIDS.
Outline the natural function of antibiotics when secreted from saprotrophic fungi.
Outline the function of antibiotics when used in medical treatment.
State why antibiotics fail to control viral infections.
Describe how natural selection leads to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Discuss the medical cause and consequences of evolution of antibiotic resistance.
Outline the major routes of pathogen transmission.
Outline the reason why most infectious agents are species specific.
Define zoonosis.
List an example of a zoonotic pathogen.
List two reasons that will lead to an increase in appearance of zoonotic diseases in humans.
Define immunization.
Outline the different classes of vaccine active ingredients.
Explain the principle of vaccination, with reference to the primary and secondary immune response.
Define herd immunity.
Explain how herd immunity limits the potential of disease transmission.
Define Ro (pronounced ‘R-nought”).
Given an Ro value, estimate the percentage of people in a population who must be immune to reach herd immunity.
State how to express one number as a percentage of a second number.
State how to calculate percentage change.
State how to calculate percentage difference.
Evaluate data related to the COVID-19 pandemic using percentage change and percentage difference.
