C3.2

Question 1

List three major types of cause of disease.

Question 2

Define “pathogen.”

Question 3

List major pathogen types.​

Question 4

Define “primary defense.”

Question 5

Outline the role of skin, sebaceous glands and mucous membranes in the defense against pathogens.

Question 6

State two benefits of blood clotting when skin is cut.

Question 7

Outline two roles of platelets in the blood clotting cascade.

Question 8

Describe the blood clotting cascade, including the role of platelets, clotting factors, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin.

Question 9

Distinguish between innate and adaptive immunity, including the types of cells and timing of response to infection.​

Question 10

Outline the function of phagocytic white blood cells in defense against pathogens.

Question 11

Describe the process by which a macrophage destroys a pathogen.​​​

Question 12

Outline the structure and function of lymphocyte cells.

Question 13

State the location of lymphocytes in the body.

Question 14

Define “specific” in relation to an immune response.

Question 15

Define “antibody.”

Question 16

Outline the role of lymphocytes in producing antibodies to a specific pathogen.

Question 17

Define antigen.

Question 18

Describe the structure of antigens.

Question 19

Describe the cause and consequence of an antibody binding to an antigen.

Question 20

Outline the difference between the ABO blood antigens.

Question 21

State the four human ABO blood types.

Question 22

Describe the consequence of mismatched blood transfusions, including agglutination and hemolysis.

Question 23

Describe activation of helper T lymphocytes by a macrophage cell.

Question 24

Outline the role of the helper T lymphocytes in the activation of B lymphocytes.

Question 25

State that B-cells secrete antibodies only when they have been activated by a helper T-cell.

Question 26

Describe clonal selection of plasma B cells.

Question 27

State the plasma B-cells produce antibodies only after they have grown and differentiated for protein synthesis.

Question 28

Define immunity.

Question 29

Outline the role of memory B cells in maintaining immunity.

Question 30

Compare the primary and secondary immune responses to a specific pathogen in regards to magnitude, speed and duration.

Question 31

List mechanisms of HIV transmission. ​

Question 32

Describe the consequences of HIV on the immune system.

Question 33

Outline the relationship between HIV and AIDS.

Question 34

Outline the natural function of antibiotics when secreted from saprotrophic fungi.

Question 35

Outline the function of antibiotics when used in medical treatment.

Question 36

State why antibiotics fail to control viral infections.

Question 37

Describe how natural selection leads to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

Question 38

Discuss the medical cause and consequences of evolution of antibiotic resistance.

Question 39

Outline the major routes of pathogen transmission.

Question 40

Outline the reason why most infectious agents are species specific.

Question 41

Define zoonosis.

Question 42

List an example of a zoonotic pathogen.

Question 43

List two reasons that will lead to an increase in appearance of zoonotic diseases in humans.​

Question 44

Define immunization.

Question 45

Outline the different classes of vaccine active ingredients.

Question 46

Explain the principle of vaccination, with reference to the primary and secondary immune response. ​

Question 47

Define herd immunity.

Question 48

Explain how herd immunity limits the potential of disease transmission.

Question 49

Define Ro (pronounced ‘R-nought”).

Question 50

Given an Ro value, estimate the percentage of people in a population who must be immune to reach herd immunity.​

Question 51

State how to express one number as a percentage of a second number.

Question 52

State how to calculate percentage change.

Question 53

State how to calculate percentage difference.

Question 54

Evaluate data related to the COVID-19 pandemic using percentage change and percentage difference. ​