C1.2

Question 1

Describe the structure of ATP.

Question 2

Outline properties of ATP that make it suitable for the use as an energy currency within cells. ​

Question 3

Outline example cellular processes that require use of ATP.

Question 4

Describe the ATP-ADP cycle, including the relative amount of energy and the roles of hydrolysis and phosphorylation.

Question 5

State why heat is generated during the ATP-ADP cycle.

Question 6

Define cellular respiration.

Question 7

Distinguish between cellular respiration and gas exchange.

Question 8

List reasons why cellular respiration must be continuously performed by all cells.

Question 9

List common substrates of cellular respiration. ​

Question 10

Compare and contrast anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration.​

Question 11

Identify the manipulated (independent), responding (dependent) and controlled variation in experiments of variables affecting the rate of cell respiration.

Question 12

List three approaches for determining the rate of cellular respiration.

Question 13

Describe three investigative techniques for measuring the effect of a variable on the rate of cellular respiration.

Question 14

Outline oxidation and reduction reactions in terms of movement of hydrogen and electrons.

Question 15

Define “electron carrier.”

Question 16

State the name of the electron carrier molecule used in cellular respiration.

Question 17

Outline the formation of reduced NAD (=NADH + H+) during glycolysis.

Question 18

State the formula for the glycolysis reaction.

Question 19

State that glycolysis occurs in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration.

Question 20

State the location of the glycolysis reaction in a cell.

Question 21

State that glycolysis is an example of a metabolic pathway catalyzed by enzymes.

Question 22

Outline the glycolysis reaction, including phosphorylation of glucose, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation.

Question 23

State the net yield of ATP and reduced NAD produced in glycolysis.

Question 24

State why NAD must be regenerated in anaerobic respiration.

Question 25

Compare anaerobic respiration in yeasts and humans.

Question 26

Outline the process of regenerating NAD and production of lactate in humans during anaerobic respiration.

Question 27

State the condition in which humans would perform anaerobic respiration.

Question 28

Outline the process of regenerating NAD and production of ethanol in yeast during anaerobic respiration.

Question 29

Outline how anaerobic respiration in yeast is used in brewing and baking.

Question 30

Summarize the reactants and products of the link reaction.

Question 31

State that the link reaction occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion.

Question 32

Outline the link reaction with references to decarboxylation, oxidation and binding of CoA.

Question 33

State that the Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion.

Question 34

Outline the events of the Krebs cycle, referencing the formation of citrate from oxaloacetate, decarboxylation of citrate to reform oxaloacetate, formatting of CO2, formation of ATP and the oxidation reactions that form reduced NAD (=NAD + H+) and reduced FAD (=FADH2).

Question 35

State that the reduced NAD and reduced FAD produced in the Krebs cycle carry electrons to the mitochondrial electron transport chain.

Question 36

List the net products of one turn of the Krebs cycle.

Question 37

Outline the structure and function of the electron transport chain within a mitochondrion.

Question 38

State that at the mitochondrial electron transport chain, reduced NAD (=NAD + H+) and reduced FAD (=FADH2) are oxidized with the transfer electrons to electron carrier proteins.

Question 39

List the reactions that generated the reduced NAD (=NAD + H+) and reduced FAD (=FADH2) used in the electron transport chain.

Question 40

Describe how the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain is used to generate a proton gradient in the intermembrane space.

Question 41

Define chemiosmosis.

Question 42

Describe the structure ATP synthase.

Question 43

Outline the formation of ATP by ATP synthesis, with reference to movement of protons and phosphorylation of ADP.

Question 44

Compare the total amount of ATP made from anaerobic and aerobic respiration. ​

Question 45

State that oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

Question 46

Explain why aerobic respiration will stop if oxygen is not present.

Question 47

State that the formation of water in the matrix at the end of the electron transport chain helps to maintain the proton gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix.​

Question 48

Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids as respiratory substrates in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Question 49

Explain the greater energy yield of lipids compared to carbohydrates when used as respiratory substrates.

Question 50

Outline the process by which lipids can be a substrate for respiration. ​