C1.2 Flashcards
Describe the structure of ATP.
Outline properties of ATP that make it suitable for the use as an energy currency within cells.
Outline example cellular processes that require use of ATP.
Describe the ATP-ADP cycle, including the relative amount of energy and the roles of hydrolysis and phosphorylation.
State why heat is generated during the ATP-ADP cycle.
Define cellular respiration.
Distinguish between cellular respiration and gas exchange.
List reasons why cellular respiration must be continuously performed by all cells.
List common substrates of cellular respiration.
Compare and contrast anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration.
Identify the manipulated (independent), responding (dependent) and controlled variation in experiments of variables affecting the rate of cell respiration.
List three approaches for determining the rate of cellular respiration.
Describe three investigative techniques for measuring the effect of a variable on the rate of cellular respiration.
Outline oxidation and reduction reactions in terms of movement of hydrogen and electrons.
Define “electron carrier.”
State the name of the electron carrier molecule used in cellular respiration.
Outline the formation of reduced NAD (=NADH + H+) during glycolysis.
State the formula for the glycolysis reaction.
State that glycolysis occurs in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
State the location of the glycolysis reaction in a cell.
State that glycolysis is an example of a metabolic pathway catalyzed by enzymes.
Outline the glycolysis reaction, including phosphorylation of glucose, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation.
State the net yield of ATP and reduced NAD produced in glycolysis.
State why NAD must be regenerated in anaerobic respiration.
Compare anaerobic respiration in yeasts and humans.
Outline the process of regenerating NAD and production of lactate in humans during anaerobic respiration.
State the condition in which humans would perform anaerobic respiration.
Outline the process of regenerating NAD and production of ethanol in yeast during anaerobic respiration.
Outline how anaerobic respiration in yeast is used in brewing and baking.
Summarize the reactants and products of the link reaction.
State that the link reaction occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion.
Outline the link reaction with references to decarboxylation, oxidation and binding of CoA.
State that the Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion.
Outline the events of the Krebs cycle, referencing the formation of citrate from oxaloacetate, decarboxylation of citrate to reform oxaloacetate, formatting of CO2, formation of ATP and the oxidation reactions that form reduced NAD (=NAD + H+) and reduced FAD (=FADH2).
State that the reduced NAD and reduced FAD produced in the Krebs cycle carry electrons to the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
List the net products of one turn of the Krebs cycle.
Outline the structure and function of the electron transport chain within a mitochondrion.
State that at the mitochondrial electron transport chain, reduced NAD (=NAD + H+) and reduced FAD (=FADH2) are oxidized with the transfer electrons to electron carrier proteins.
List the reactions that generated the reduced NAD (=NAD + H+) and reduced FAD (=FADH2) used in the electron transport chain.
Describe how the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain is used to generate a proton gradient in the intermembrane space.
Define chemiosmosis.
Describe the structure ATP synthase.
Outline the formation of ATP by ATP synthesis, with reference to movement of protons and phosphorylation of ADP.
Compare the total amount of ATP made from anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
State that oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Explain why aerobic respiration will stop if oxygen is not present.
State that the formation of water in the matrix at the end of the electron transport chain helps to maintain the proton gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix.
Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids as respiratory substrates in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Explain the greater energy yield of lipids compared to carbohydrates when used as respiratory substrates.
Outline the process by which lipids can be a substrate for respiration.
