C1.3

Question 1

Outline how light energy is converted to chemical energy in carbon compounds.

Question 2

Draw a flowchart to illustrate the energy conversions performed by living organisms.

Question 3

List three reasons why living organisms need energy for cell activities.

Question 4

State that sunlight is the principal energy source in most ecosystems. ​

Question 5

State the chemical equation for photosynthesis.

Question 6

Outline the source of the atoms used to form glucose (C6H12O6) during photosynthesis.

Question 7

Define photolysis.

Question 8

State the source of the oxygen produced as a by-product in photosynthesis.

Question 9

Outline the process of separating pigments using chromatography.

Question 10

Identify pigments that result from chromatography by color and calculated Rf value. ​

Question 11

State the range of wavelengths that fall within the visible spectrum.

Question 12

Outline the function of pigments.

Question 13

State the primary and accessory pigments found in chloroplasts.

Question 14

Explain why most plants look green.

Question 15

Sketch the chlorophyll pigment absorption spectrum, including both wavelengths and colors of light on the X-axis.​

Question 16

Compare and contrast the action spectrum and absorption spectrum.

Question 17

Explain the shape of the curve of the photosynthesis action spectrum.

Question 18

Outline a technique for calculating the rate of photosynthesis by measuring either oxygen production or carbon dioxide consumption.

Question 19

Define “limiting factor.”

Question 20

Explain how the following factors limit the rate of photosynthesis: temperature, light intensity, CO2 concentration.

Question 21

Identify manipulated (independent), responding (dependent) and controlled variables in experiments testing limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis.

Question 22

Outline techniques for measuring the rate of photosynthesis while manipulating either temperature, light intensity, or CO2 concentration.

Question 23

State the source of atmospheric carbon dioxide beyond the historical average of about 300 ppm.

Question 24

Compare enclosed greenhouse and free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiments.

Question 25

List the questions that are addressed in carbon dioxide enrichment experiments.

Question 26

Describe the arrangement of pigments into photosystems in membranes.

Question 27

Outline the advantage of pigments being arranged in photosystems as opposed to being dispersed.

Question 28

State the function of the reaction center pigment in a photosystem.

Question 29

Compare the peak absorbance of the reaction center chlorophyll molecules of photosystem I and photosystem II.

Question 30

Outline advantages of pigment molecules being arranged within a photosystem.

Question 31

Describe the role of photosystem II in photolysis.

Question 32

Outline the movement of electrons generated by photolysis of water at photosystem II.

Question 33

State that photolysis of water at photosystem II contributes to the proton gradient in the thylakoid lumen.

Question 34

Outline the role of photosynthesis of the “Great Oxygenation Event” on early Earth.

Question 35

Outline the evidence for the “Great Oxygenation Event” provided by banded iron formations.

Question 36

Sketch a cross section of the thylakoid membrane, inclusive of photosystem II, ATP synthase, an electron transport chain (with Pq) and photosystem II.

Question 37

Define chemiosmosis and photophosphorylation.

Question 38

State that electrons generated by photosystem II pass from plastoquinone (Pq) through a chain of electron carrier molecules.

Question 39

State that the energy released by the movement of electrons is used to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane, from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen.

Question 40

State that the result of the electron transport chain is a proton gradient, with a high concentration of protons in the thylakoid lumen.

Question 41

Outline the generation of ATP by chemiosmosis as protons move down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase.

Question 42

Compare the flow of electrons in cyclic vs noncyclic photophosphorylation.

Question 43

State that photoactivation of the reaction center chlorophyll in photosystem I excites electrons which pass through a different electron transport chain.

Question 44

Outline the flow and function of electrons from photosystem I in cyclic photophosphorylation.

Question 45

Outline the flow and function of electrons from photosystem I in non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

Question 46

State that in noncyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons of photosystem I are used to reduce NADP+ to form NADPH.

Question 47

State the function of the enzyme NADP reductase.

Question 48

State that the light dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and reduced NADP (=NADPH).

Question 49

Describe the structure of the thylakoid grana and stroma lamellae.

Question 50

Outline how the thylakoid functions as a system of interacting parts.

Question 51

State the location of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, including photoactivation, photolysis, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, and reduction of NADP.

Question 52

Define carbon fixation and carboxylation.

Question 53

State that carbon fixation occurs in the chloroplast stroma.

Question 54

State that the 5-carbon molecule ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) is carboxylated by CO2, forming two 3-carbon molecules called glycerate-3-phosphate (GP).

Question 55

State that the enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of RuBP is called ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco).

Question 56

State that the enzyme rubisco is the most abundant enzyme on Earth.

Question 57

State the effectiveness of rubisco at low concentrations of CO2.​

Question 58

State the source of the carbon and oxygen atoms that become part of the carbohydrate molecule (ie C6H12O6) produced in photosynthesis.

Question 59

State the source of the hydrogen atoms that become part of the carbohydrate molecule (ie C6H12O6) produced in photosynthesis.

Question 60

State that ATP (from the light dependent reaction) provides the energy for NADPH (also from the light dependent reaction) to reduce glycerate-3-phosphate (GP), forming a three-carbon carbohydrate, triose phosphate (TP).

Question 61

State that synthesis of triose phosphate (TP) occurs in the chloroplast stroma.​

Question 62

Outline the formation of a hexose monosaccharide (ie glucose) from the triose phosphate produced in the light independent reactions.

Question 63

Outline the reason that ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) must be regenerated in the Calvin cycle.

Question 64

State that in the Calvin Cycle, five molecules of 3-carbon triose phosphate (TP) are used to regenerate the three molecules of the 5-carbon ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).

Question 65

State that six turns of the Calvin Cycle are needed to produce one molecule of a hexose monosaccharide (ie glucose).

Question 66

State that ATP is used to regenerate RuBP from triose phosphate. ​

Question 67

State that carbon fixation during the light independent reactions is the basis for carbon entering a food web.

Question 68

Outline the formation of glucose, sucrose, starch and cellulose from the triose phosphate (TP) formed during photosynthesis.

Question 69

State that enzymes in plant cells can create fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids and nucleotides using metabolic pathways that can be traced back to the light independent reactions of photosynthesis. ​

Question 70

List the major steps of the light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis.

Question 71

Discuss the interdependent relationship between the light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis.

Question 72

State the rate limiting step of photosynthesis in low and high light intensity conditions. ​