C1.3 Flashcards
Outline how light energy is converted to chemical energy in carbon compounds.
Draw a flowchart to illustrate the energy conversions performed by living organisms.
List three reasons why living organisms need energy for cell activities.
State that sunlight is the principal energy source in most ecosystems.
State the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
Outline the source of the atoms used to form glucose (C6H12O6) during photosynthesis.
Define photolysis.
State the source of the oxygen produced as a by-product in photosynthesis.
Outline the process of separating pigments using chromatography.
Identify pigments that result from chromatography by color and calculated Rf value.
State the range of wavelengths that fall within the visible spectrum.
Outline the function of pigments.
State the primary and accessory pigments found in chloroplasts.
Explain why most plants look green.
Sketch the chlorophyll pigment absorption spectrum, including both wavelengths and colors of light on the X-axis.
Compare and contrast the action spectrum and absorption spectrum.
Explain the shape of the curve of the photosynthesis action spectrum.
Outline a technique for calculating the rate of photosynthesis by measuring either oxygen production or carbon dioxide consumption.
Define “limiting factor.”
Explain how the following factors limit the rate of photosynthesis: temperature, light intensity, CO2 concentration.
Identify manipulated (independent), responding (dependent) and controlled variables in experiments testing limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis.
Outline techniques for measuring the rate of photosynthesis while manipulating either temperature, light intensity, or CO2 concentration.
State the source of atmospheric carbon dioxide beyond the historical average of about 300 ppm.
Compare enclosed greenhouse and free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiments.
List the questions that are addressed in carbon dioxide enrichment experiments.
Describe the arrangement of pigments into photosystems in membranes.
Outline the advantage of pigments being arranged in photosystems as opposed to being dispersed.
State the function of the reaction center pigment in a photosystem.
Compare the peak absorbance of the reaction center chlorophyll molecules of photosystem I and photosystem II.
Outline advantages of pigment molecules being arranged within a photosystem.
Describe the role of photosystem II in photolysis.
Outline the movement of electrons generated by photolysis of water at photosystem II.
State that photolysis of water at photosystem II contributes to the proton gradient in the thylakoid lumen.
Outline the role of photosynthesis of the “Great Oxygenation Event” on early Earth.
Outline the evidence for the “Great Oxygenation Event” provided by banded iron formations.
Sketch a cross section of the thylakoid membrane, inclusive of photosystem II, ATP synthase, an electron transport chain (with Pq) and photosystem II.
Define chemiosmosis and photophosphorylation.
State that electrons generated by photosystem II pass from plastoquinone (Pq) through a chain of electron carrier molecules.
State that the energy released by the movement of electrons is used to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane, from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen.
State that the result of the electron transport chain is a proton gradient, with a high concentration of protons in the thylakoid lumen.
Outline the generation of ATP by chemiosmosis as protons move down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase.
Compare the flow of electrons in cyclic vs noncyclic photophosphorylation.
State that photoactivation of the reaction center chlorophyll in photosystem I excites electrons which pass through a different electron transport chain.
Outline the flow and function of electrons from photosystem I in cyclic photophosphorylation.
Outline the flow and function of electrons from photosystem I in non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
State that in noncyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons of photosystem I are used to reduce NADP+ to form NADPH.
State the function of the enzyme NADP reductase.
State that the light dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and reduced NADP (=NADPH).
Describe the structure of the thylakoid grana and stroma lamellae.
Outline how the thylakoid functions as a system of interacting parts.
State the location of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, including photoactivation, photolysis, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, and reduction of NADP.
Define carbon fixation and carboxylation.
State that carbon fixation occurs in the chloroplast stroma.
State that the 5-carbon molecule ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) is carboxylated by CO2, forming two 3-carbon molecules called glycerate-3-phosphate (GP).
State that the enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of RuBP is called ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco).
State that the enzyme rubisco is the most abundant enzyme on Earth.
State the effectiveness of rubisco at low concentrations of CO2.
State the source of the carbon and oxygen atoms that become part of the carbohydrate molecule (ie C6H12O6) produced in photosynthesis.
State the source of the hydrogen atoms that become part of the carbohydrate molecule (ie C6H12O6) produced in photosynthesis.
State that ATP (from the light dependent reaction) provides the energy for NADPH (also from the light dependent reaction) to reduce glycerate-3-phosphate (GP), forming a three-carbon carbohydrate, triose phosphate (TP).
State that synthesis of triose phosphate (TP) occurs in the chloroplast stroma.
Outline the formation of a hexose monosaccharide (ie glucose) from the triose phosphate produced in the light independent reactions.
Outline the reason that ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) must be regenerated in the Calvin cycle.
State that in the Calvin Cycle, five molecules of 3-carbon triose phosphate (TP) are used to regenerate the three molecules of the 5-carbon ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
State that six turns of the Calvin Cycle are needed to produce one molecule of a hexose monosaccharide (ie glucose).
State that ATP is used to regenerate RuBP from triose phosphate.
State that carbon fixation during the light independent reactions is the basis for carbon entering a food web.
Outline the formation of glucose, sucrose, starch and cellulose from the triose phosphate (TP) formed during photosynthesis.
State that enzymes in plant cells can create fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids and nucleotides using metabolic pathways that can be traced back to the light independent reactions of photosynthesis.
List the major steps of the light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis.
Discuss the interdependent relationship between the light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis.
State the rate limiting step of photosynthesis in low and high light intensity conditions.
