D3.1

Question 1

Compare sexual and asexual life cycles.​

Question 2

Outline the roles of meiosis and fertilization in the sexual life cycle.

Question 3

State that meiosis and fertilization produce individuals with new combinations of genetic material.

Question 4

Compare motility, size, energy reserves and production rate of male and female gametes of plants and animals. ​

Question 5

Draw a diagram of the male reproductive system, including the penis (with erectile tissue), urethra, testis, scrotum, epididymis, sperm duct, prostate gland and seminal vesicle.

Question 6

Outline the function of the following male reproductive structures: testis, scrotum, epididymis, sperm duct, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, urethra and penis.

Question 7

Draw a diagram of the female reproductive system, including the ovary, uterus, vulva, vagina, cervix and oviduct.

Question 8

Outline the function of the following female reproductive structures: ovary, uterus, vulva, vagina, cervix and oviduct.​

Question 9

Define ovarian cycle, uterine cycle and menstrual cycle.

Question 10

State the source and location of action of hormones in the ovarian cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), estrogen and progesterone.

Question 11

Describe the negative feedback loop that regulates secretion of FSH during the ovarian cycle.

Question 12

Describe the positive feedback loop that regulates secretion of LH during the ovarian cycle.

Question 13

Outline events occurring during the uterine cycle.

Question 14

Annotate a graph showing hormone levels of the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormone levels and follicular development, ovulation, changes to the corpus luteum, menstruation and the thickening of the endometrium.​

Question 15

Describe the process of fertilization in humans.

Question 16

Compare in vivo and in vitro fertilization.

Question 17

Outline the process of medically assisted reproduction using IVF.

Question 18

Outline the process of medically assisted reproduction using IVF.

Question 19

Outline the roles of FSH, oestradiol and progesterone in medically assisted reproduction using IVF.​

Question 20

Outline the lifecycle stages of flowering plants.

Question 21

Identify the location of gametogenesis in flowers.

Question 22

Contrast pollination and fertilization.

Question 23

Draw and label an insect pollinated flower, including: petals, sepals, stamen, anthers, filaments, pollen, carpel, stigma, style, ovary and ovule.

Question 24

State the function of the different parts of the animal-pollinated flower.

Question 25

Outline structures of insect-pollinated flowers that aid in the attraction of insects and transfer of pollen between flowers.

Question 26

Outline the reason for homologous structures in flowers.

Question 27

Define cross-pollination.

Question 28

Outline the benefits of cross-pollination and self-incompatibility in flowering plants.

Question 29

List methods for promoting cross-pollination in flowering plants. ​

Question 30

Outline why self-pollination is generally avoided, even in hermaphroditic plants.

Question 31

Outline the mechanism that promotes self-incompatibility in flowering plants. ​

Question 32

Distinguish seed dispersal from pollination.

Question 33

State the function of a seed.

Question 34

List mechanisms of seed dispersal.

Question 35

Define germination.

Question 36

Outline why water, oxygen and warmth are required for germination.

Question 37

Outline the role of gibberellin during germination.​

Question 38

Define puberty.

Question 39

Explain the control of puberty by GnRH and the hormones LH and FSH.

Question 40

Describe the changes of puberty in males and females that result from the hormones oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone. ​

Question 41

State that gametogenesis involves mitosis, cell growth, two divisions of meiosis and differentiation.

Question 42

Define oogenesis and spermatogenesis.

Question 43

Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, including the number of gametes, size of games, the timing of formation and release of gametes.​

Question 44

Define polyspermy.

Question 45

State why polyspermy is detrimental to an organism.

Question 46

Explain the acrosome reaction and the cortical reaction as mechanisms that prevent polyspermy.​

Question 47

Define zygote, blastocyst, embryo and fetus.

Question 48

Outline embryonic development from zygote to blastocyst.

Question 49

Draw a diagram of a blastocyst, labeling the inner cell mass.

Question 50

Outline the process of implantation of a blastocyst into the endometrium. ​

Question 51

List the source, target and function of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as related to the maintenance of pregnancy.

Question 52

Define “monoclonal antibody.”

Question 53

Describe how a pregnancy test strip works, including the role of free and immobilized monoclonal antibodies.​

Question 54

State the function of the placenta.

Question 55

Explain the benefits of having a high chorion surface area and a selectively permeable placental barrier.

Question 56

List the direction and mechanism of transport between maternal and fetal blood in the placenta for CO2, O2, glucose, amino acids, lipids, antibodies and water.​

Question 57

List the source, target and function of progesterone as related to maintaining pregnancy.

Question 58

List the source, target and function of oxytocin as related to the childbirth process.​

Question 59

Outline the role of positive feedback in childbirth.

Question 60

Discuss the use of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.

Question 61

Evaluate the relationship between HRT and incidence of coronary heart disease. ​