B3.2

Question 1

Describe how the structures of capillaries are adapted to capillary function. Include lumen diameter, branching, wall thickness, and fenestrations.

Question 2

Compare the diameter, relative wall thickness, lumen size, number of wall layers, abundance of muscle and elastic fibers and presence of valves in arteries and veins.

Question 3

Given a micrograph, identify a blood vessel as an artery or vein.​

Question 4

State the function of arteries.

Question 5

Describe the structures and functions of the three layers of the artery wall.

Question 6

Discuss how the wall thickness, lumen size, and muscle and elastic allow arteries to withstand and maintain high blood pressures. ​

Question 7

State the unit of measurement of the pulse rate.

Question 8

Outline two methods for determining heart rate.​

Question 9

State the function of veins.

Question 10

Discuss how pocket valves, thin walls and skeletal muscles maintain the flow of blood through a vein.​

Question 11

State the function of the coronary arteries.

Question 12

Outline the cause and consequence of a coronary occlusion.

Question 13

Evaluate correlations between diet and lifestyle variables and risk of coronary heart disease.

Question 14

List factors that are correlated with an increased risk of coronary occlusion and heart attack.

Question 15

State that xylem tissue is used to transport water from roots to leaves in plants.

Question 16

Outline the role of cellulose in the transport of water via capillary action.

Question 17

Describe the cause and consequence of transpiration pull.

Question 18

State why transport of water relies on cohesion between water molecules.

Question 19

State that transpiration is a passive process.

Question 20

Describe how the structure of xylem vessels are adapted for the transport of water under low pressure.

Question 21

Outline how xylem is able to maintain rigidity even under low pressure or mechanical disturbance.

Question 22

Draw a plan diagram to show the distribution of tissues in a stem, including vascular bundles, xylem, phloem, cambium, cortex, pith and epidermis.

Question 23

Outline the function of tissues in a stem, including vascular bundles, xylem, phloem, cambium, cortex, pith and epidermis.

Question 24

State two ways xylem and phloem can be differentiated in cross sections of stem.

Question 25

Draw a plan diagram to show the distribution of tissues in a root, including vascular bundles, xylem, phloem, cortex and epidermis.

Question 26

Outline the function of tissues in a root, including vascular bundles, xylem, phloem, cortex and epidermis.

Question 27

State two ways xylem and phloem can be differentiated in cross sections of root.

Question 28

List components of blood plasma.

Question 29

Define tissue fluid.

Question 30

Describe the cause and effect of diffusion of blood plasma into and out of a capillary network from tissue fluid.

Question 31

Compare and contrast the substances found in blood plasma and tissue plasma.

Question 32

Outline the direction of transport of substances that are exchanged between tissue fluid and cells in the tissues.

Question 33

Outline why there is a need to drain excess tissue fluid into lymph ducts.

Question 34

Outline the structure and function of lymph ducts.

Question 35

State how lymph is returned to the blood circulation.

Question 36

State the function of the heart and lungs/gills in the circulation of blood.

Question 37

Draw a diagram to illustrate the double circulation system in mammals.

Question 38

Draw a diagram to illustrate the single circulation system in fish.

Question 39

Explain why the mammalian heart must function as a double pump.

Question 40

Label a diagram of the heart with the following structure names: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary semilunar valve, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, aortic semilunar valve, left atrioventricular valve, left ventricle, septum, right ventricle, left atrium, right atrium, septum and right atrioventricular valve.

Question 41

Outline how the following structures allow the heart to function in delivering pressurized blood to arteries: cardiac muscle, pacemaker, atria, ventricles, atrioventricular and semilunar valves, septum and coronary vessels. ​

Question 42

Define myogenic contraction.

Question 43

Define cardiac cycle.

Question 44

Outline the role of the pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node.

Question 45

Describe the propagation of the electrical signal from the sinoatrial node through the atria and ventricles.

Question 46

Explain the flow of blood during atrial and ventricular systole and diastole.

Question 47

Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Question 48

State the cause of systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Question 49

Interpret systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements from data and graphs.

Question 50

List conditions in which a plant may generate root pressure to transport water.

Question 51

Outline the mechanism by which roots maintain a positive pressure potential when evaporation from leaves is insufficient to move water through a plant.​

Question 52

Define translocation, phloem sap, source and sink.

Question 53

List example source and sink tissues.

Question 54

State that phloem transport is bidirectional.

Question 55

Outline the stages of phloem translocation including loading of carbohydrates at a source, transport of carbohydrates through the plant, and unloading of carbohydrates at a sink.

Question 56

Outline the structure and function of sieve tube elements, with specific mention of the rigid cell wall, reduced cytoplasm and organelles, no nucleus and sieve plates.

Question 57

Outline the structure and function of companion cells, with specific mention of mitochondria and plasmodesmata.