C1.1

Question 1

Define catalyst.

Question 2

State the role of enzymes in the chemical reactions on which life is based. ​

Question 3

State that enzymes speed up chemical reactions without being altered, so can be reused.

Question 4

Define metabolism.

Question 5

Define specificity in relation to enzyme structure and function.

Question 6

Outline how control of metabolism is regulated by enzymes.

Question 7

Contrast anabolic and catabolic reactions.

Question 8

List three examples of anabolic processes.

Question 9

List three examples of catabolic processes.

Question 10

Outline properties of globular proteins.

Question 11

Explain the relationship between enzyme structure and enzyme specificity, including the structure and function of the active site.​

Question 12

Outline the stages of enzyme catalysis of a chemical reaction.

Question 13

Describe the induced fit model of enzyme binding.​

Question 14

Explain the role of random collisions in the binding of the substrate with the enzyme active site.

Question 15

Compare enzyme and substrate movement involved in reactions that occur in the cytoplasm, with large substrates and with immobilized enzymes.

Question 16

Discuss variation in specificity of different enzymes.

Question 17

Define denaturation.

Question 18

Outline the causes and effects of denaturation on enzyme structure and function.

Question 19

Explain the effects of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on enzyme structure and function with reference to collision theory, temporary and permanent denaturation.

Question 20

Draw and interpret graphs showing the effects of temperature, pH and substrate concentration of the activity of enzymes.

Question 21

Identify the manipulated (independent), responding (dependent) and controlled variation in experiments of enzyme catalyzed reactions.

Question 22

State the unit for enzyme reaction rate.

Question 23

State two methods for determining the rate of enzyme reaction rates.

Question 24

Describe three investigative techniques for measuring the activity of an example enzyme.

Question 25

Define activation energy.

Question 26

State that activation energy is used to break or weaken bonds in the substrate.

Question 27

Explain the role of enzymes in lowering the activation energy of a reaction.

Question 28

Interpret graphs showing the effect of lowering the activation energy by enzymes.

Question 29

Compare the location of synthesis of enzymes used within and outside of a cell.

Question 30

State an example of an intracellular metabolic reaction and an extracellular metabolic reaction.

Question 31

Outline the generation of heat energy by the reactions of metabolism.

Question 32

Describe how birds and mammals maintain a body temperature greater than that of their environment.

Question 33

Outline an example of maintaining temperature homeostasis using heat generated by reactions of metabolism.

Question 34

State the reason for metabolic pathways.

Question 35

Contrast linear metabolic pathways with cyclical reaction pathways.

Question 36

State and example of a linear metabolic pathway and a cyclic metabolic pathway.

Question 37

Outline the structure and function of an allosteric site.

Question 38

Define enzyme inhibitor.

Question 39

Describe mechanism of action of non-competitive enzyme inhibitors.

Question 40

Describe mechanism of action of competitive enzyme inhibitors.

Question 41

Outline the function of statins as an example of a competitive inhibitor.

Question 42

Explain why the rate of reaction with increasing substrate concentration is lower with a non-competitive inhibitor compared to a competitive inhibitor.​

Question 43

Outline the mechanism and benefit of feedback inhibition.

Question 44

Illustrate end-product inhibition of the threonine to isoleucine metabolic pathway.​

Question 45

Compare reversible and irreversible enzyme inhibition.

Question 46

Outline the cause and consequence of mechanism-based inhibition.

Question 47

Illustrate mechanism-based inhibition using penicillin as an example.​