A3.1

Question 1

Define organism.

Question 2

List sources of genetic variation within a species

Question 2

Define species according to the morphological species concept.

Question 3

Define variation.

Question 4

Compare discrete and continuous variation

Question 5

Compare variation within and between species

Question 6

Define binomial nomenclature

Question 7

State four rules of binomial nomenclature formatting

Question 8

Outline why the binomial naming system is used in science rather than local names

Question 9

Define species according to the biological species concept

Question 10

Define speciation

Question 11

Describe limitations of the biological species concept, with mention of hybrids and geographical separation

Question 12

Explain the difficulties in distinguishing between populations and species during speciation

Question 12

State that chromosome number is a

Answer 12

distinguishing characteristic of a species.

Question 13

Explain why the typical number of chromosomes in a diploid cell is an even number

Question 14

State the number of chromosomes in humans and in chimpanzees

Question 15

Define karyotype and karyogram

Question 15

Evaluate the evidence for the hypothesis that chromosome 2 in humans arose from the fusion of chromosomes 12 and 13 with a shared primate ancestor

Question 16

List the characteristics by which chromosomes are paired and arranged on the karyogram

Question 17

Define autosome and sex chromosome

Question 17

Deduce the sex of a human individual given a karyogram

Question 17

Define genome, gene and allele

Question 18

Outline the cause and effect of “single-nucleotide polymorphisms” in genomes

Question 19

Describe reasons why a larger genome does not necessarily indicate presence of more genes

Question 20

Compare variation in genomes sizes and gene sequences within and between species

Question 21

State the units for measuring genome size

Question 22

Use a database to compare genome sizes to determine if there is a relationship between the number of genes in a species and the species complexity in structure, physiology and/or behavior

Question 23

Define “sequence” in relation to genes and/or genomes

Question 24

State that technological improvements have sped the DNA sequencing process

Question 25

List applications of genome sequencing

Question 26

Discuss ethical considerations of genome sequencing

Question 27

Compare sexual and asexual reproduction

Question 28

Discuss difficulties in applying the biological species concept to asexually reproducing species such as dandelions

Question 29

Define horizontal gene transfer

Question 30

Discuss difficulties in applying the biological species concept to bacteria that have horizontal gene transfer

Question 31

Explain how sexual reproduction maintains chromosome number within a species

Question 32

Outline the mating of a donkey and a horse to produce a sterile mule as an example of cross-breeding between closely related species producing sterile offspring because of differences in parent chromosome numbers

Question 33

Explain the use of a dichotomous key in the identification of a specimen

Question 34

Demonstrate use of a dichotomous key given an unknown specimen

Question 35

Develop a dichotomous key for a local plant or animal species