D1.2

Question 1

Define transcription.

Question 2

List the roles of RNA polymerases in the process of transcription. ​​

Question 3

State the complementary base pairing utilized in transcription.

Question 4

Distinguish between the sense and antisense strands of DNA.

Question 5

Outline how stability of the information stored in DNA is maintained.

Question 6

Define gene expression.

Question 7

Outline the major steps of gene expression.

Question 8

State that the pattern of gene expression is how cells differentiate for specific functions.

Question 9

Outline the role of transcription in regulating gene expression.​

Question 10

Define translation.

Question 11

State the location of translation in cells.​

Question 12

Describe the structure of the ribosomes, including the small and large subunits and the names and roles of the tRNA binding sites.

Question 13

Describe the structures of mRNA and tRNA.

Question 13

Outline the roles of mRNA, ribosomes and tRNA in translation.

Question 14

State the complementary base pairing utilized in translation.

Question 15

Define codon and anticodon.

Question 16

Describe the formation of hydrogen bonds between codon and anticodon.

Question 17

Explain the reason that a sequence of three nucleotides is required to code for the 20 amino acids commonly utilized by organisms.

Question 18

Define codon, degenerate and universal as related to the genetic code.

Question 19

Use a genetic code table to determine the amino acid sequence coded for by a given DNA or RNA sequence.

Question 20

Outline the process of translation elongation, including codon recognition, bond formation and translocation.

Question 21

Define gene mutation.

Question 22

State the cause of sickle cell anemia, including the differences in the HbA and HbS alleles.

Question 23

State the difference in RNA sequences in the transcription of the HbA and HbS alleles.

Question 24

State the difference in amino acid sequences in the translation of the HbA and HbS alleles.

Question 25

Outline the consequences of the HbS mutation on the structure and function of the hemoglobin protein.

Question 26

Discuss the symptoms of sickle cell disease.

Question 27

Identify the 5’ ends and 3’ ends of a strand of RNA.

Question 28

Describe the formation of the covalent bond between adjacent nucleotides during transcription.

Question 29

State that RNA polymerases can only add the 5’ phosphate of a free nucleotide to the 3’ deoxyribose of the elongating strand.​

Question 30

State the direction of movement of the ribosome along the mRNA molecule.

Question 31

Outline the structure and function of the promoter regions of DNA.

Question 32

Describe the initiation of transcription, including the role of the promoter sequence, transcription factors and RNA polymerase.

Question 33

Compare the function of activator and repressor sequences within the promoter.

Question 34

State that transcription factors are proteins that bind to the promoter.

Question 35

State that some transcription factors activate transcription while others inhibit transcription.

Question 36

Define “coding” and “non-coding” sequences of DNA.

Question 37

Outline five functions of noncoding DNA sequences found in genomes.

Question 38

Outline the location and timing of post-transcriptional modification of RNA.

Question 39

Describe the function of the 5’ cap and poly-A tail.

Question 40

Compare intron and exon sequences of genes.

Question 41

Outline the process of RNA splicing. ​

Question 42

Describe the process of alternative RNA splicing.

Question 43

Outline the benefit of alternative RNA splicing.​

Question 44

Outline the process of translation initiation.​

Question 45

List types of modifications of polypeptides that may be required to form a functional protein.

Question 46

Outline the two stages of modification of preproinsulin to form functional insulin.​

Question 47

List reasons when proteins typically exist for a relatively short time within a cell.

Question 48

Outline the function of proteasomes in the recycling of amino acids.