D1.2 Flashcards
Define transcription.
List the roles of RNA polymerases in the process of transcription.
State the complementary base pairing utilized in transcription.
Distinguish between the sense and antisense strands of DNA.
Outline how stability of the information stored in DNA is maintained.
Define gene expression.
Outline the major steps of gene expression.
State that the pattern of gene expression is how cells differentiate for specific functions.
Outline the role of transcription in regulating gene expression.
Define translation.
State the location of translation in cells.
Describe the structure of the ribosomes, including the small and large subunits and the names and roles of the tRNA binding sites.
Describe the structures of mRNA and tRNA.
Outline the roles of mRNA, ribosomes and tRNA in translation.
State the complementary base pairing utilized in translation.
Define codon and anticodon.
Describe the formation of hydrogen bonds between codon and anticodon.
Explain the reason that a sequence of three nucleotides is required to code for the 20 amino acids commonly utilized by organisms.
Define codon, degenerate and universal as related to the genetic code.
Use a genetic code table to determine the amino acid sequence coded for by a given DNA or RNA sequence.
Outline the process of translation elongation, including codon recognition, bond formation and translocation.
Define gene mutation.
State the cause of sickle cell anemia, including the differences in the HbA and HbS alleles.
State the difference in RNA sequences in the transcription of the HbA and HbS alleles.
State the difference in amino acid sequences in the translation of the HbA and HbS alleles.
Outline the consequences of the HbS mutation on the structure and function of the hemoglobin protein.
Discuss the symptoms of sickle cell disease.
Identify the 5’ ends and 3’ ends of a strand of RNA.
Describe the formation of the covalent bond between adjacent nucleotides during transcription.
State that RNA polymerases can only add the 5’ phosphate of a free nucleotide to the 3’ deoxyribose of the elongating strand.
State the direction of movement of the ribosome along the mRNA molecule.
Outline the structure and function of the promoter regions of DNA.
Describe the initiation of transcription, including the role of the promoter sequence, transcription factors and RNA polymerase.
Compare the function of activator and repressor sequences within the promoter.
State that transcription factors are proteins that bind to the promoter.
State that some transcription factors activate transcription while others inhibit transcription.
Define “coding” and “non-coding” sequences of DNA.
Outline five functions of noncoding DNA sequences found in genomes.
Outline the location and timing of post-transcriptional modification of RNA.
Describe the function of the 5’ cap and poly-A tail.
Compare intron and exon sequences of genes.
Outline the process of RNA splicing.
Describe the process of alternative RNA splicing.
Outline the benefit of alternative RNA splicing.
Outline the process of translation initiation.
List types of modifications of polypeptides that may be required to form a functional protein.
Outline the two stages of modification of preproinsulin to form functional insulin.
List reasons when proteins typically exist for a relatively short time within a cell.
Outline the function of proteasomes in the recycling of amino acids.
