B2.3 Flashcards
State that a zygote is an unspecialized cell produced from fertilization
Outline the impact of chemical gradients on gene expression within an early-stage embryo
Outline two properties of stem cells
Define stem cell niche
Outline the location and function of two types of multipotent stem cells in an adult human body.
Define totipotent, multipotent and pluripotent.
List an example of a totipotent, multipotent and pluripotent stem cell.
Explain why pluripotent stem cells are most prevalent in the early embryonic development of a multicellular organism.
Relate the relative cell size to the specialized function of sperm, egg, red blood cell, white blood cell, neuron and striated muscle fibers.
Outline the activities occurring in the volume and at the surface of the cell.
Calculate the surface area, volume and SA:V ratio of a cube.
Explain the benefits and limitations of using cubes to model the surface area and volume of a cell.
Describe the relationship between cell size and the SA:V ratio of the cell.
Explain why cells are often limited in size by the SA:V ratio.
Define “alveolar epithelium.”
List two examples of cells that are specialized for exchange of materials and have adaptations to increase the SA:V ratio.
List three adaptations of cells that maximize the SA: volume ratio.
Outline the structure and function of type I pneumocytes.
Outline the structure and function of type II pneumocytes.
Describe two functions of the fluid secreted by type II pneumocytes.
Label the following structures on a micrograph of lung tissue: type 1 pneumocyte, type 2 pneumocyte, capillary endothelium, basement membrane and blood cells.
List three types of muscle tissue found in the human body.
Outline the relationship between skeletal muscles, muscle fibre cells and myofibrils.
Label a diagram of a skeletal muscle fibre cell, including the sarcolemma, nuclei, sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
Compare and contrast cardiac muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue.
Describe how the Y-shape, intercalated discs and gap junctions of cardiac muscle cells allow for propagation of the stimulus to contract.
State the function of gamete cells.
Compare the size, and motility of egg and sperm cells.
State the function of each of the following egg structures: haploid nucleus, binding proteins, zona pellucida, cortical granules, yolk, mitochondria and centrioles.
State the function of each of the following sperm structures: head, acrosome, plasma membrane receptors, binding proteins in the acrosome, haploid nucleus, midpiece, helical mitochondria, microtubules and tail.
