B2.3

Question 1

State that a zygote is an unspecialized cell produced from fertilization

Question 2

Outline the impact of chemical gradients on gene expression within an early-stage embryo

Question 3

Outline two properties of stem cells

Question 4

Define stem cell niche

Question 5

Outline the location and function of two types of multipotent stem cells in an adult human body.​​

Question 6

Define totipotent, multipotent and pluripotent.

Question 7

List an example of a totipotent, multipotent and pluripotent stem cell.

Question 8

Explain why pluripotent stem cells are most prevalent in the early embryonic development of a multicellular organism.​

Question 9

Relate the relative cell size to the specialized function of sperm, egg, red blood cell, white blood cell, neuron and striated muscle fibers.​

Question 10

Outline the activities occurring in the volume and at the surface of the cell.

Question 11

Calculate the surface area, volume and SA:V ratio of a cube.

Question 12

Explain the benefits and limitations of using cubes to model the surface area and volume of a cell.

Question 13

Describe the relationship between cell size and the SA:V ratio of the cell.

Question 14

Explain why cells are often limited in size by the SA:V ratio.

Question 15

Define “alveolar epithelium.”

Question 16

List two examples of cells that are specialized for exchange of materials and have adaptations to increase the SA:V ratio.

Question 17

List three adaptations of cells that maximize the SA: volume ratio.

Question 18

Outline the structure and function of type I pneumocytes.

Question 19

Outline the structure and function of type II pneumocytes.

Question 20

Describe two functions of the fluid secreted by type II pneumocytes.

Question 21

Label the following structures on a micrograph of lung tissue: type 1 pneumocyte, type 2 pneumocyte, capillary endothelium, basement membrane and blood cells.

Question 22

List three types of muscle tissue found in the human body.

Question 23

Outline the relationship between skeletal muscles, muscle fibre cells and myofibrils.

Question 24

Label a diagram of a skeletal muscle fibre cell, including the sarcolemma, nuclei, sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.

Question 25

Compare and contrast cardiac muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue.

Question 26

Describe how the Y-shape, intercalated discs and gap junctions of cardiac muscle cells allow for propagation of the stimulus to contract.

Question 27

State the function of gamete cells.

Question 28

Compare the size, and motility of egg and sperm cells.

Question 29

State the function of each of the following egg structures: haploid nucleus, binding proteins, zona pellucida, cortical granules, yolk, mitochondria and centrioles.

Question 30

State the function of each of the following sperm structures: head, acrosome, plasma membrane receptors, binding proteins in the acrosome, haploid nucleus, midpiece, helical mitochondria, microtubules and tail.