D3.2

Question 1

Define gamete and zygote.

Question 2

Define diploid and haploid.

Question 3

Explain why diploid cells have two copies of each autosomal gene.​

Question 4

Define P, F1 and F2.

Question 5

Outline the process of experimentally performing a genetic cross in flowering plants using cross pollination and self-fertilization.

Question 6

State an application of performing genetic crosses in plants.

Question 7

Determine possible alleles present in gametes given parent genotypes.

Question 8

Construct Punnett grids for single gene crosses to predict the offspring genotype and phenotype ratios.

Question 9

Distinguish between gene and allele.

Question 10

Compare and contrast different alleles of the same gene.

Question 11

Define homozygous and heterozygous.

Question 12

Distinguish between genotype and phenotype.

Question 13

State a phenotype in humans that is due to genotype only.

Question 14

State a phenotype in humans that is due to the environment only.

Question 15

State a phenotype in humans that is due to the interaction of genotype and the environment. ​

Question 16

Define dominant allele and recessive allele.

Question 17

Explain the usual cause of one allele being dominant over another. ​

Question 18

​Define phenotypic plasticity.

Question 19

Outline an example of phenotypic plasticity.

Question 20

Define “carrier” as related to genetic diseases.

Question 21

Explain why genetic diseases usually appear unexpectedly in a population.

Question 22

Outline the genetic cause of phenylketonuria.

Question 23

List consequences of phenylketonuria if untreated.

Question 24

State how phenylketonuria is treated.

Question 25

State that new alleles of a gene are the result of mutation.

Question 26

Define single-nucleotide polymorphism.

Question 27

Define gene pool.

Question 28

Explain why any number of alleles of a gene can exist in the gene pool but an individual only inherits two alleles.

Question 29

Outline how the multiple alleles of the S-gene in the apple gene pool are a mechanism for preventing self-pollination.

Question 30

Describe ABO blood groups as an example of complete dominance and codominance.

Question 31

Outline the differences in glycoproteins present in people with different blood types.

Question 32

Define codominant and incomplete dominant alleles.

Question 33

Using the correct notation, outline AB blood type as an example of codominant alleles.

Question 34

Using the correct notation, outline an example of incompletely dominant alleles in a flowering plant.​

Question 35

Outline the structure and function of the two human sex chromosomes.

Question 36

Outline sex determination by sex chromosomes.

Question 37

Describe the mechanism by which the SRY gene regulates embryonic gonad development.​

Question 38

Define sex linkage.

Question 39

Using the correct notation, outline an example of the inheritance of hemophilia.

Question 40

Describe the pattern of inheritance for sex linked genes.

Question 41

Describe the cause and effect of hemophilia.​

Question 42

Outline the conventions for constructing pedigree charts.

Question 43

Deduce inheritance patterns given a pedigree chart.​

Question 44

Compare continuous to discrete variation.

Question 45

State that a normal distribution of variation is often the result of polygenic inheritance.

Question 46

Explain polygenic inheritance using an example of a two gene cross with codominant alleles.

Question 47

State example human characteristics that are associated with polygenic inheritance.

Question 48

Compare quantitative and qualitative data.

Question 49

Outline two example environmental factors that can influence phenotypes.​

Question 50

Compare discrete and continuous data.

Question 51

Determine if a data set contains an outlier.

Question 52

Quantify variation using descriptive statistics.

Question 53

Create visualizations of biological variation using graphs. ​​​

Question 54

State the outcome of allele segregation during meiosis.

Question 55

Describe random orientation of chromosomes and the resulting independent assortment of unlinked genes during meiosis I.

Question 56

Distinguish between independent assortment of genes and segregation of alleles.​

Question 57

Determine possible allele combinations in gametes that result from independent assortment of two unlinked genes.

Question 58

Use correct notation to depict a dihybrid cross between two unlinked genes.

Question 59

Construct a Punnett square to determine the predicted genotype and phenotype ratios of F1 and F2 offspring of dihybrid crosses. ​

Question 60

Define gene locus.​

Question 61

Describe what makes genes “linked.”

Question 62

Outline why linked genes fail to assort independently during meiosis.

Question 63

Using correct notation, construct a Punnett square to show the possible genotype and phenotype outcomes in a dihybrid cross involving linked genes. ​

Question 64

Define recombinant.

Question 65

Explain how independent assortment of unlinked genes can lead to genetic recombinants.

Question 66

Explain how crossing over between linked genes can lead to genetic recombinants.

Question 67

Construct a Punnett grid to identify the recombinants of a dihybrid cross involving unlinked genes.

Question 68

Construct a Punnett grid to identify the recombinants of a dihybrid cross involving linked genes. ​

Question 69

Calculate a chi-square value to compare observed and expected results of a dihybrid genetic cross.

Question 70

With reference to a p value and the null/alternative hypothesis, determine if there is a significant difference between observed and expected results of a dihybrid cross. ​