B3.1

Question 1

Define gas exchange.

Question 2

State the role of diffusion in gas exchange.

Question 3

Explain the need for structures of larger organisms to maintain a large enough surface area for gas exchange.​

Question 4

Outline the function of the following properties of gas-exchange surfaces: permeability, thin tissue layer, moisture and large surface area.​

Question 5

State the reason why concentration gradients must be maintained at exchange surfaces.

Question 6

Explain dense networks of blood vessels, continuous blood flow, and ventilation with air for lungs and with water for gills as mechanisms for maintaining concentration gradients at exchange surfaces in animals.

Question 7

State the locations of gas exchange in humans.

Question 8

Outline the structures of mammalian lungs that are adapted to maximizing gas exchange.

Question 9

Draw a diagram showing the structure of an alveolus and an adjacent capillary.​

Question 10

Identify the structure of the airway that connects the lungs to the outside of the body.

Question 11

Define ventilation, inspiration and expiration.

Question 12

State the relationship between gas pressure and volume.

Question 13

Outline the direction of movement of the diaphragm and thorax during inspiration and expiration.

Question 14

Outline the pressure and volume changes that occur during inspiration and expiration.​

Question 15

Define tidal volume, vital capacity, and inspiratory and expiratory reserve.

Question 16

List methods for measuring tidal volume, vital capacity, and inspiratory and expiratory reserve.

Question 17

State the direction of movement of gasses exchanged in leaves.

Question 18

Outline adaptations for gas exchange in leaves, including epidermis, waxy cuticle, stoma, guard cells, air spaces, spongy mesophyll, and veins.

Question 19

State that a plan diagram shows the distribution of tissues, but not individual cells.

Question 20

Draw and label a plan diagram to show the distribution of tissues in a transverse section of a leaf. Include upper and lower epidermis, palisade and spongy mesophyll, xylem and phloem.

Question 21

Define transpiration.

Question 22

Outline the relationship between water evaporation and transpiration.

Question 23

Discuss the effect of abiotic factors on the rate of transpiration; including temperature and humidity.

Question 24

Discuss the advantages of opening and closing stomata at different times of day.

Question 25

Calculate stomatal density from a leaf cast or micrograph.

Question 26

Interpret micrographs or cast of leaf surfaces to compare stomatal density on different leaf surfaces.

Question 27

Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin.

Question 28

Define affinity.

Question 29

Outline how cooperative binding alters hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.

Question 30

Compare the oxygen affinity of adult and fetal hemoglobin.​

Question 31

Describe allosteric binding of CO2 to hemoglobin and the consequences for oxygen transport.

Question 32

Define the Bohr shift.

Question 33

Explain the mechanism and benefit of the Bohr shift.

Question 34

State the effect of the Bohr shift on the oxygen dissociation curve.

Question 35

Define partial pressure.

Question 36

State the relative partial pressures of oxygen in the atmosphere at sea level, in the alveoli, in alveoli blood capillaries, and in respiring tissue.

Question 37

Draw the oxygen dissociation curve to show affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at different partial pressures of oxygen.

Question 38

Explain difference in the oxygen dissociation curves of adult and fetal hemoglobin.