B1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline the number and type of bonds carbon can form with other atoms.

A

carbon can form 4 co valent bonds with other atoms

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2
Q

Outline the cause and consequence of covalent bonds between atoms

A

Because carbon have 4 electrons on their outer shell it allows them to form 4 covalent bonds, because of these covalent bonds it makes these bonds the most stable bond

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3
Q

Name common functional groups

A

hydroxyl

Carboxyl

Ester

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4
Q

List the four major classes of carbon compounds used by living organisms

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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5
Q

List example molecules with branched chain, unbranched chain, single ring or multiple rings

A

Branched Chain : Triglycerides

Unbranched Chain : Fatty Acids

Single Rings : Glucose

Multiple Rings : Cholesterol

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6
Q

Define monomer and polymer

A

Monomers are single units which join to form polymers

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7
Q

Describe condensation reactions

A

Condensation reaction combines two molecules through the release of a water molecule

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8
Q

State that energy from ATP is needed to produce macromolecules by condensation reactions

A

Energy from ATP is needed to produce macromolecules by condensation reaction

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9
Q

Outline the condensation reactions that form polysaccharides, polypeptides and nucleic acids.

A

Polysaccharides 1,4 - glycosidic bond
Nucleic acids 3,5 - phosphodiester bond
Polypeptides : Peptide bonds

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10
Q

Describe hydrolysis reactions.

A

Hydrolisis reactions involve the addition of a water molecule to break down a large molecule

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11
Q

Outline the hydrolysis reactions that digest polysaccharides, polypeptides and nucleic acids

A

Polysaccharides 1,4 - glycosidic bond
Nucleic acids 3,5 - phosphodiester bond
Polypeptides : Peptide bonds

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12
Q

Define monosaccharide.

A

A carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar unit

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13
Q

Outline the properties of glucose referring to solubility, transportability, stability, and energy yield from oxidation.

A

Glucose is soluble within water because it is polar
Transportability Since it is oluble it is easily transported through body fluids
Chemical stability It is relatively stable compound, meaning it doesn’t degrade as it is transported
Energy yield : Glucose us the primary fuel for respiration in cells. It can be repeatedely oxidized to produce a net gain of up to 36 ATP molecules

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14
Q

Identify pentose and hexose carbohydrates from molecular diagrams.

A
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15
Q

Define polysaccharide

A

Polysaccharides are composed of many sugar molecules combined through a series of condensation reactions

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16
Q

Compare the structure and function of amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen

A

Amylopectin : long chains of alpha glucose with glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and carbon 4 with branching chains at every 20th glucose which bonds at C6

Glycogen : long chains of alpha glucose with bonds between C1 and C4, There are also branching chains at C6

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17
Q

Discuss the benefit of polysaccharide coiling and branching during polymerization

A

it allows the polyssacharide to be more compact

18
Q

Explain how condensation or hydrolysis of alpha-glucose monomers build or mobilize energy stores

A

The condensation allows the glucose to be stored and the hyrdolisis allows the starch being stored to be used as energy

19
Q

Compare the structure of alpha-glucose and beta-glucose

A

Alpha glucose has the OH group attached to C1 at the bottom whereas Beta glucose has the OH group attached to C1 at the top

20
Q

Discuss the consequences of the strength of cellulose in the plant cell wall

A

They have high tensile strength allowing them to maintain the structural integrity of the plant.

21
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose microfibrils.

A

Cellulose is composed of beta molecules linked through a 1,4 glycosidic bond. Also every second beta glucose is flipped, resulting in straight chains of cellulose molecules. Cellulose chains are held together through hydrogen bonds to form microfibils

22
Q

State the functions of glycoproteins in the cell membrane

A

To act as an antigen, allowing it to perform the roles of :

Cell to Cell Adhesion
Receptors
Cell to Cell communication
Immune Response

23
Q

Compare the structure of the A, B and O glycoproteins on the red blood cell membrane

A

A : antigen present A antibody present B
B : antigen present B antibody present A
AB : antigen present A and B no antibody present
O : no antigen present antibody present A and B

24
Q

Discuss the consequences of the presence of A, B and O glycoproteins during blood transfusion.

A

If your blood type has an antibody against the antigen of another bloodtype you can’t receive blood from that person

25
Q

Explain why lipids are hydrophobic.

A

Because of their non-polar structure

26
Q

Outline the structure and function of fats, oils, waxes and steroids.

A

Fats are triglycerides that store concentrated form of energy, they provide insulation and cushioning for organs and act as a source of fatty acids

Oils are also triglycerides however are liquid at room temperature as they have a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids they are used as cooking and frying mediums.

Waxes are esters of long chain fatty acids and long chain alcohols with a higly hydrophobic nature due to their non-polar structure they’re used as protective coatings on the surface of animals, plants and insects. They help reduce water loss, dehydration, provide protection against environmental factors, aid structuring features like feathers, fur and exoskeletons

Steroids are composed of four interconnected carbon rings. They have various functional groups attached to the rings, some act as hormones, others are essential to the cell membrane

27
Q

Explain the condensation reaction connecting fatty acids and glycerol to form a triglyceride

A

3 condensation reactions between glycerol and 3 fatty acids, releasing 3 water molecules

28
Q

Explain the condensation reaction connecting fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate group to form a phospholipid.

A

two condensation reactions with two fatty acids

one condensation reaction with a phosphate head

29
Q

Describe the structure of a generalized fatty acid.

A

A carboxyl group linked to a hydrocarbon chain linked to a methyl group at the end

30
Q

Compare and contrast the structures and properties of saturated and unsaturated (mono- or poly-) fatty acids.

A

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the carbons

Unsaturated fatty acids have 1 or more double bonds between the carbons leading to a bend in the fatty acid

31
Q

Distinguish between the structure and properties of cis- and trans-unsaturated fatty acids

A

A cis- unsaturated fatty acid has both hydrogen atoms linked to the carbon with a double bond on the same side causing a bend whereas a trans has the hydrogen atoms on opposite sides causing a straighter line

32
Q

Outline properties of triglycerides that make them suitable for long-term energy storage

A

High energy density

Low solubility

Insulation and protection

33
Q

State the function of adipose tissue.

A

To store energy in the form of triglycerides and release it when needed

34
Q

Discuss the adaptation of a thick adipose tissue layer as a thermal insulator

A

The adaptation made is due to the properties of ATP as it has :

low thermal conductivity
layered organization
metabolic heat production

35
Q

Define hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphipathic.

A

hydrophillic = water loving

hydrophobic = water fearing

amphiphatic = hydropohillic parts and hydrophobic parts

36
Q

Draw a simplified diagram of the structure of the phospholipid, including a phosphate-glycerol head and two fatty acid tails.

A
37
Q

Explain why phospholipids form bilayers in water, with reference to hydrophilic phosphate heads and two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails

A

Phospholipids form bilayers in water because their structure allows their head to face the water while their tails don’t creating a circular barrier with water trapped inside facing a hydrophillic head and the water outside also touching a hydrophillic head however unable to pass through as their are hydrophobic tails

38
Q

Outline the amphipathic properties of a phospholipid.

A

The phospholipid at the same time contains a hydrophillic phosphate head and a hydrophobic fatty acid tails which makes it amphipathic

39
Q

Identify steroid molecules from molecular diagrams.

A
40
Q

State why steroid hormones are able to pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer

A

Steroids are hydrophobic and can therefore pass through a phospholipid bilayer as they are able to disolve in hydrophobic fatty acid tails on the inside of the bilayer