CogPsy - Chapter XII - DecisionMaking II (513) Flashcards
What’s a property of a categorical syllogism?
The premises state something about the category memberships of the term.
- All cogscis are sexy people.
- All sexy people have a lot of sex.
- All cogscis have a lot of sex.
4 kinds of premises:
- universal affirmatives (All A are B)
- universal negative statements (no A is B)
- particular affirmative statements (some A are B)
- particular negative statements (some A are not B)
Categorical syllogisms can be represented as …
… circle diagrams.
A theory about how people solve categorical syllogisms is the atmosphere bias. 2 basic ideas of this theory:
- if there is at least one negative premise, people prefer a negative solution.
- if there is at least one particular among the premises, people will prefer a particular solution.
What can we use to solve syllogisms?
mental models
A bias in deductive reasoning:
- confirmation bias (2 4 6 -> we seek confirmation rather than disconfirmation)
Errors and problems occurring in deductive reasoning:
- overextension errors
- foreclosure effects
- premise-phrasing effects
We should do deductive reasoning when we are …
… sad, because we seem to pay more attention to details.
Three items in categorical syllogisms:
- the subject (cogscis)
- the middle term (sexy people)
- predicate (having a lot of sex)
What does “reversibility” mean with respect to premises?
??
Inductive reasoning is reasoning from
specific facts to conclusions that may explein the facts. (2 4 6 -> we’ve got facts, but what’s the rule?)
Problems in causal inferences:
- correlation is not causation
- illusory correlations lead us to confirmation bias (self-fulfilling prophecies)
- discounting error (I found 1 cause and stop searching for another)
How do people draw inferences?
Using both bottom-up and top-down strategies.
Analogies only go so far.
DOUGH
The dual-process theory of reasoning includes:
- an associative system
- a rule-based system
