CogPsy - Chapter XII - DecisionMaking II (513) Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s a property of a categorical syllogism?

A

The premises state something about the category memberships of the term.

  • All cogscis are sexy people.
  • All sexy people have a lot of sex.
  • All cogscis have a lot of sex.
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2
Q

4 kinds of premises:

A
  • universal affirmatives (All A are B)
  • universal negative statements (no A is B)
  • particular affirmative statements (some A are B)
  • particular negative statements (some A are not B)
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3
Q

Categorical syllogisms can be represented as …

A

… circle diagrams.

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4
Q

A theory about how people solve categorical syllogisms is the atmosphere bias. 2 basic ideas of this theory:

A
  • if there is at least one negative premise, people prefer a negative solution.
  • if there is at least one particular among the premises, people will prefer a particular solution.
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5
Q

What can we use to solve syllogisms?

A

mental models

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6
Q

A bias in deductive reasoning:

A
  • confirmation bias (2 4 6 -> we seek confirmation rather than disconfirmation)
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7
Q

Errors and problems occurring in deductive reasoning:

A
  • overextension errors
  • foreclosure effects
  • premise-phrasing effects
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8
Q

We should do deductive reasoning when we are …

A

… sad, because we seem to pay more attention to details.

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9
Q

Three items in categorical syllogisms:

A
  • the subject (cogscis)
  • the middle term (sexy people)
  • predicate (having a lot of sex)
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10
Q

What does “reversibility” mean with respect to premises?

A

??

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11
Q

Inductive reasoning is reasoning from

A

specific facts to conclusions that may explein the facts. (2 4 6 -> we’ve got facts, but what’s the rule?)

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12
Q

Problems in causal inferences:

A
  • correlation is not causation
  • illusory correlations lead us to confirmation bias (self-fulfilling prophecies)
  • discounting error (I found 1 cause and stop searching for another)
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13
Q

How do people draw inferences?

A

Using both bottom-up and top-down strategies.

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14
Q

Analogies only go so far.

A

DOUGH

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15
Q

The dual-process theory of reasoning includes:

A
  • an associative system

- a rule-based system

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16
Q

Examples of associative reasoning as part of the dual-process theory:

A
  • representative heuristic
  • belief-bias effect
  • false-consensus effect
17
Q

The rule-based system of the dual-process theory requires …

A

… more deliberate, painstaking procedures.

18
Q

Connectionist model of dual-system deductive reasoning:

A
  • associations in the network
  • rules in a system of production rules
    (ACT?)
19
Q

Reasoning and brain:

A
  • Basal Ganglia (also working memory DUGH)

- frontal lobe more active in reasoning than in memory activity.