CogPsy - Chapter VI Memory Processes I

Question 1

Encoding refers to …

Answer 1

… how we transform a phsyical, sensory input into a representation that can be placed into memory

Question 2

storage refers to …

Answer 2

… how we retain encoded information

Question 3

retrieval refers to …

Answer 3

… how we gain access to stored information

Question 4

Info stored temporarily in working memory is encoded primarily in …

Answer 4

… acoustic form.

Question 5

Most info encoded in long-term memory is encoded …

Answer 5

… sementically.

Question 6

2 problems when we transfer info from short-term to long-term memory:

Answer 6

• decay

- interference

Question 7

When we forget facts just because time has passed, this is called:

Answer 7

decay

Question 8

The process of integrating new and already stored knowledge is called …

Answer 8

… consolidation.

Question 9

The effects of rehearsal are called …

Answer 9

… practice effects.

Question 10

2 types of rehearsal:

Answer 10

• elaborative rehearsal (by elaborating on the item)

- maintenance rehearsal (by repeating the item)

Question 11

learning over longer periods of time:

Answer 11

distributed practice

Question 12

the opposit of distributed practice:

Answer 12

massed practice

Question 13

To maximize the effect on long-term recall spacing should be distributed over month. this effect is called ..

Answer 13

… the spacing effect.

Question 14

REM sleep is particularly important for ..

Answer 14

.. memory formation.

Question 15

The process of consolidation makes memory less prone to …

Answer 15

… decay or interference.

Question 16

After recalling memories (making them prone to decay and interference again) we sometimes need to …

Answer 16

… reconsolidate them.

Question 17

Specific techniques that help to memorize stuff:

Answer 17

Mnemonic devices

Question 18

Examples for mnemonic devices:

Answer 18

• categorical clustering
• interactive images
• method of loci
• acronyms
• keyword system (KABAH)

Question 19

When we want to improve our memory, we want to improve both the …

Answer 19

… retrospective memory and our

prospective memory.

Question 20

Is retrieval a parallel or a serial process?

Answer 20

serial (althouth data could also be explained by parallel processing -> think hoarse race is over when the last hoarse is done)

Question 21

Is retrieval exhaustive (testing test digit agains all (!) stored digits) or self-terminating?

Answer 21

exhaustive

Question 22

When we have difficulties with retrieving info is it because of …

Answer 22

… availability or

accessibility?

Question 23

Interference theory refers to the view that …

Answer 23

… forgetting occurs because recall of certain words interferes with recall of other words.

Question 24

Retroactive interference occurs when …

Answer 24

… newly acquired knowledge impedes on recall of older material.

Question 25

Proactive interference occurs when …

Answer 25

… material that was learned in the past impedes the learning of new material.

Question 26

When you switch from learning a list of numbers to a list of words your performance will rebound. This is known as …

Answer 26

… release from proactive interference.

Question 27

Schemas are mental frameworks that represent knowledge in a meaningful way. Schemas can help to show that …

Answer 27

… prior knowledge can have huge effects on memorizing new stuff.