Cognitive Psychology Chapter V Memory I Flashcards
Memory is the means …
… by which we retain our past experiences to use information in the present.
3 common operations of memory:
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
Recall vs. recognition + boolean expression
recall: you produce an item from memory
recognition: you identify an item as one that you have already been exposed to
recognition > recall
Three types of recall:
- serial recall
- free recall
- cued recall aka. “paired-associates recall”
Kinds of knowledge needed in recognition and recall:
recognition: receptive knowledge
recall: expressive knowledge
Implicit vs. explicit:
implicit: not consciously using info from memory
explicit: consciously using info from memory
To study implicit memory, what effects are sometimes used?
Priming effects
Memory and Age?
Explicit memory poor in very young and old people.
Implicit memory relatively uniform.
What is used to measure intelligence in specific cultures?
culture-relevant tests
William James memory model consists of:
- primary memory
- secondary memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s memory model consists of:
- sensory store
- short-term store
- long-term store
Store vs. Memory:
store: structure that holds memory
memory: content / information hold by a store
The 3 stores in Atkinson & Shiffrin’s model are examples for …
… hypothetical constructs.
Example for a sensory store:
the iconic store: it is a discrete visual sensory register that holds information for very short periods.
Georg Sperling’s discovery?
Iconic store In the test: only report one line: H B S T A H M G E L W C
Iconic memory can be erased, for example by …
… backward visual masking.
Immediate (short-term) memory capacity seems to be about …
… 7 items +- 2
The term permastore refers to the …
… very long-term storage of info, such as knowledge about a foreign language and of mathematics.
What does the “levels-of-processing” framework postulate:
Memory does not comprise any specfic numbers of stores, but rather varies along a contiuous dimension in terms of depth encoding.
In the self-reference effect, participants show very
high levels of recall when asked to determine whether the words describe them.
How can the working-memory model be viewed (in comparison to classical store-based models)?
One can think of the WM-model as having three nested circles: short-term, working and long-term memory.
Important is the role of activation in moving info from long-term to working memory.
5 elements of the working memory:
- the visuospatial sketchpad
- the phonological loop
- the central executive
- subsidiary “slave systems”
- episodic buffer
the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop hold …
… very briefly some visual images / inner speech.
Two components of the phonological loop:
- phonological storage
- subvocal rehearsal
The central executive both …
… coordinates attentional activities and governs responses.
The number of subsidiary slave systems …
… perform other cognitive or perceptual tasks.
The episodic buffer is a limited-capacity system that is capable of …
… binding info from the visuospatial sketchpad, the phonological loop and the long-term memory into one unitary episodic representation.
6 tasks to assess working memory:
- retention delay task (1. stim -> delay -> 2. stim: old or new?)
- temporally ordered working memory load task (item test (ordered stimuli -> *** -> test item: old or new?), span test (reproduce in correct order))
- temporal/relational order task (5, 3, 4, 6, 7, 2 -> 3, 7: which is most recent?)
- n-back task
