CogPsy - Chapter VII - Landscape of Memory I

Question 1

2 kinds of knowledge structures:

Answer 1

declarative knowledge

procedural knowledge

Question 2

What is a symbolic representation?

Answer 2

relationship btw. representation and the to-be-represented is arbitrary (e.g. cat and an actual cat)

Question 3

Imagery …

Answer 3

… is the mental representation of things that are not currently seen or sensed by the sense organs.

Question 4

According to “dual-code theory” we use …

Answer 4

… both pictorial and verbal codes for representing information.

Question 5

Analog codes …

Answer 5

… resemble the objects they represent.

Question 6

Propositional theory:

Answer 6

we do not store mental representations in the form of images or mere words. They more closly resemble the abstract form of a proposition.

Question 7

An example for a proposition:

Answer 7

eat

Question 8

What can be expressed in form of a proposition:

Answer 8

• actions
• attributes
• spatial position
• category membership

Question 9

What can be used to show that mental images are not truly analogous to perceptions of physical objects?

Answer 9

ambiguous figures (Chambers & Reisberg)

Question 10

Semantic labels …

Answer 10

… clearly influence mental images.

Question 11

Critiques showed that part.s could reinterpret ambiguous figures, with the help of 1 of 4 hints:

Answer 11

• implicit reference-frame hint
• explicit reference-frame hint
• attentional hint
• construals from “good” parts

Question 12

According to the functional-equivalence hypothesis, although …

Answer 12

… visual imagery is not identical to visual perception, it is functionally equivalent.

Question 13

5 general principles of visual imagery by Finke, give 2 examples:

Answer 13

• our mental movements across images correspond to those of physical percepts.
• Mental images can be used to generate info that was not explicitly stored during encoding.

Question 14

What can be used to provide evidence for the functional-equivalence hypothesis?

Answer 14

• mental rotation and response times
• image scaling
• image scanning

Question 15

Corresponding to spatial neglect there also is …

Answer 15

… representational neglect.

Question 16

Some suggest that representations may take any of the following forms:

Answer 16

propositions, images or mental models.

Question 17

Mental models are structures …

Answer 17

… that individuals construct to understand and explain tehir experiences.

Question 18

Two kind of images:

Answer 18

• visual

- spatial

Question 19

Cognitive maps are …

Answer 19

… internal representations of our physical environment.

Question 20

3 types of knowledge used when forming mental maps:

Answer 20

• landmark knowledge (imaginal and propositional representations)
• route-road knowledge (procedural and declarative knowledge)
• survey knowledge (imaginal and propositional)

Question 21

The 3 types of knowledge used in forming mental maps suggest that people …

Answer 21

… use both: analogical and propositional code e.g. for images of maps.

Question 22

Heuristics and biases when creating mental maps (many found by

Answer 22

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