Cognitive Psychology Chapter III Perception (74-81)

Question 1

what is a mental percept?

Answer 1

a mental representation of a stimulus that is perceived

Question 2

What does the existence of perceptual illusions suggest?

Answer 2

that what we sense (in our sensory organs) is not necessarily what we perceive (in our minds)

Question 3

What is the name of the protective covering of the eye?

Answer 3

cornea

Question 4

After it passed through the cornea light passes through the _____, the opening that lies at the center of the ______.

Answer 4

After it passed through the cornea light passes through the pupil, the opening that lies at the center of the iris.

Question 5

What’s the entire name of the lense located behind the iris?

Answer 5

crystalline lens

Question 6

What’s the name of the gel-like fluid that comprises the majority of our eye?

Answer 6

vitreous humor

Question 7

What’s the name of the network of neurons extending over the posterior surface of the interior of the eye?

Answer 7

retina

Question 8

What happens at the retina?

Answer 8

electromagnetic light energy is transduced/converted into neural electrochemical impulses

Question 9

The retina consists of how many layers?

Answer 9

3

Question 10

the first layer of the retina is a layer of …

Answer 10

… ganglion cells

Question 11

The optic nerve constits of the axons of the …

Answer 11

… ganglion cells

Question 12

single lateral connections among adjacent areas of the retina are made by

Answer 12

• amacrine cells

- horizontal cells

Question 13

bipolar cells in the second layer of the retina make connections …

Answer 13

… outward to the ganglion cells and inwards to the third layer of the retina

Question 14

The third layer of the retina consists of …

Answer 14

… photoreceptors!

Question 15

Photoreceptors transduce …

Answer 15

… electromagnetic light energy into electrochemical impulses.

Question 16

The strange setup of the retina results in what order of processing?

Answer 16

• light must pass through layer 1 and layer 2
• photoreceptors transduce in layer 3
• impulses are send outwards again to layer 1 and then
• via the optical nerve towards the brain

Question 17

two types of photoreceptors and a boolean expression:

Answer 17

rods > cones

Question 18

what’s the name of the chemical substances within photoreceptors that react to light?

Answer 18

photopigments

Question 19

Route of the optic nerve?

Answer 19

retina -> optic chiasm -> thalamus -> V1

Question 20

Which photoreceptors are responsible for color vision in bright light?

Answer 20

cones

Question 21

Which photoreceptors work also in low light conditions?

Answer 21

rods

Question 22

Who provided a useful framework for studying perception?

Answer 22

James Gibson (1966, 1979)

Question 23

Four concepts introduced by Gibson:

Answer 23

• distal (external) object
• informational medium
• proximal stimulation
• perceptual object

Question 24

According to Gibson, what is the distal object?

Answer 24

The object in the external world

Question 25

According to Gibson, what does a falling tree cause, before we perceive it?

Answer 25

It imposes a pattern on an informational medium.

Question 26

What do the following parts of Gibson’s framework of perception suggest: distal object and informational medium

Answer 26

that prerequisits for perception of objects begin early

Question 27

What occurs when the information of a distal object comes into contact with the appropriate sensory receptors?

Answer 27

proximal stimulation

Question 28

what is the final product of Gibsonian perception?

Answer 28

a perceptual object

Question 29

What are the four stages in the Gibsonian Continuum of Perception?

Answer 29

distal object -> informational medium -> proximal stimulation -> perceptual object