CogPsy - Chapter X Language in Context I

Question 1

Linguistic relativity refers to the assertion that …

Answer 1

… speakers of different languages have different cognitive systems and think differently about the world.

Question 2

The linguistic relativity theory is aka.:

Answer 2

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 3

Whorf said:

Answer 3

“We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native language.”

Question 4

A milder form of linguistic relativism would be to assume that …

Answer 4

… language doesn’t determine our thinking but influences it.

Question 5

What are linguistic universals?

Answer 5

Characteristic patterns across all languages

Question 6

Across languages there are differences in:

Answer 6

• color terms
• language acquisition
• use ratio of nouns/verbs

Question 7

Concepts in different languages - an example:

Answer 7

The Chinese concept of a specific typ of person. Bilinguists read a description in Chinese and in English.

Question 8

What about bilinguism?

Answer 8

Good if fluent in both.

Bad if not fluent in either.

Question 9

Two theories connected to bilingualism:

Answer 9

• single-system hypothesis

- dual-system hypothesis

Question 10

What might be wrong about the division between single- and dual-system hypotheses?

Answer 10

They might ask the wrong questions, as some aspects of the languages might be represented in a single system, but others separately.

Question 11

What’s a pidgin?

Answer 11

A mixture of two different languages. it is a language without native speakers.

Question 12

Over time a pidgin can develop into a …

Answer 12

… creole.

Question 13

Modern creoles may resemble an evolutionarily early form of language, called …

Answer 13

… protolanguage.

Question 14

A dialect is a …

Answer 14

… regional variation of a language.

Question 15

7 kinds of slips that can happen during conversation:

Answer 15

• anticipation (using an element to early)
• perservation (keep using an element that was correct earlier)
• substitution
• reversal (switching position of two elements)
• spoonerisms (initial sounds of two words are exchanged)
• malapropism (saying something similar in sound, but different in meaning)
• insertion of sounds (including additional sounds)

Question 16

Metaphors use …

Answer 16

… similarities of two nouns and combine them despite their differences. (The house was a pigsty)

Question 17

Similes are …

Answer 17

… comparisons.

Question 18

Metaphors have 4 key elements:

Answer 18

• tenor (topic, e.g. house)
• vehicle (word used to describe topic, e.g. pigsty)
• ground (set of similarities)
• tension (set of dissimilarities)

Question 19

Theories about how metaphores work:

Answer 19

• comparison view (importance of comparison)
• anomaly view (importance of dissimilarities)
• domain-interaction view (interaction of some kind btw. tenor and vehicle)

Question 20

In additive bilingualism …

Answer 20

… a second language is learned in addition to the first.

Question 21

In substractive bilingualism …

Answer 21

… elements of a second language replace elements of the first.

Question 22

Another time-related distinction of bilingualism:

Answer 22

• simultaneous bilingualism

- sequential bilingualism

Question 23

Pragmatics is …

Answer 23

… the study of how people use language.

Question 24

Name an instance of non-verbal communication:

Answer 24

• personal space

Question 25

Study related to personal space:

Answer 25

proxemics