Cognitive Psychology Chapter IX Language II (350)

Question 1

The mystery of speech perception?

Answer 1

We are able to perceive 50 phonemes per second, but only 1 phone per second of nonspeech sounds?

Question 2

Coarticulation occurs when phonemes or other units …

Answer 2

… are produced in a way that overlaps them in time.

Question 3

Coarticulation is a result of the …

Answer 3

… anticipation of the next sign.

Question 4

Theories that view speech perception as ordinary emphasize either …

Answer 4

… template-matching or feature-detection processes.

Question 5

A name, year and example sentence for the phonemic-restoration effect:

Answer 5

“It was found that the *eel was on the ________.” (axle, shoe, table or orange)
Warren 1970

Question 6

Theories that see speech perception as ordinary perception have what in common?

Answer 6

They all require decision-making processes above and beyond feature detection or template matching.

Question 7

What phenomenon motivates the view of speech perception as special?

Answer 7

categorical perception (although the speech sounds we hear comprise a continuum ov variation in sound waves, we experience speech sounds categorically)

Question 8

Liberman (1957) on categorical perception:

Answer 8

Continuum between ba - da - ga is hear as sudden switches.

Question 9

The Motor Theory of Speech Perception (Lieberman 1967):

Answer 9

According to this theory, we use the movements of the speaker’s vocal tract for perception.

Question 10

In conversation we use lip reading to enhance our speech perception. See e.g. the …

Answer 10

… McGurk effect.

Question 11

Denotation is …

Answer 11

… the strict dictionary meaning of a word.

Question 12

Connotation is …

Answer 12

… a word’s emotional overtones and other non-explicit meanings.

Question 13

Grammar is the …

Answer 13

… study of language in terms of noticing regular patterns.

Question 14

Prescriptive grammar prescribes …

Answer 14

… the “correct” ways in which to structure language.

Question 15

Descriptive grammar attempts …

Answer 15

… to describe the structures used in language.

Question 16

“Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.” by?

Answer 16

Chomsky

Question 17

Syntactical priming?

Answer 17

We spontaneously tend to use syntactical structures and read faster sentences that match the structure of sentences we have just heard.

Question 18

Even speech errors are produced in accordance with correct grammar! Example:

Answer 18

“I put the oven in the cake” instead of “I put the cake in the oven”

Question 19

What is parsing?

Answer 19

The process of deviding sentences into functional components.

Question 20

What’s the phrase-structure grammar?

Answer 20

The structure of phrases as they are used.

Question 21

The rules governing the sequences of words are termed …

Answer 21

… phrase structure rules.

Question 22

What do linguists often use to observe the relationships between phrases of a sentence?

Answer 22

Tree diagrams

Question 23

How many possible ways to structure a tree diagram of the phrase-structure of the following sentence can you think of: “The girl looked at the boy with the telescope.”?

Answer 23

2

Question 24

Noam Chomsky, 1957: He revolutionist the study of syntax by proposing …

Answer 24

… transformational grammar.

Question 25

What did Chomsky suggest?

Answer 25

That we look not only at the interrelationships of phrases within sentences, but also at syntactical relationships between sentences.