Cognitive Psychology Chapter III Perception (103-110) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the key claim of template theories?

A

That we have stored a loooooooot of templates in our minds. When we perceive patterns, we choose a template that exactely fits what we observe.

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2
Q

What are “templates”?

A

“Templates” are highly detailed models of patterns, we might recognize.

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3
Q

Template theory + chess players + authors:

A

Chess players who have saved a lot of patterns from previous games use a matching mechanism in line with template theories to recall previous games. (Gobet, Jackson 2002)

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4
Q

Example for a problem with template theories:

A
Already Hoffding (1891) noted that one can recognize a letter, despite variations in size, form, style etc. and should we really have stored a template of each possibility? 
Think security feature of websites with pictures of wobbly letters: Humans can recognize them, machines not so well.
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5
Q

As templates are considered to be too restricted, they were soon replaced by.. ( + Researchers)

A

.. prototypes! (e.g. Franks and Bransford, 1971)

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6
Q

What is a prototype?

A

a prototype is an average of a class of related objects/patterns

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7
Q

What is exiting about prototypes? + research(er)

A

We seem to form them as an integration of the most typical features of a pattern, without ever having seen an instance that exactly matches the prototype. (Posner and Keele, 1968 -> subj.s recognized prototypes as familiar, but have only been shown distorted instanzes (e.g. dots forming a triangle)

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8
Q

Yet another branch of theories besides template and prototype theories in pattern recognition?

A

feature(-matching) theories

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9
Q

By whom and what kind of demons does the Pandemonium Model consist of?

A

Oliver Selfridge’s pandemonium model, consists of: image demon, feature demons, cognitive demons, decision demon

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10
Q

Study, name, effects?

H     H       S    S
H     H       S    S     
H H H       S S S
H     H       S    S
H     H       S    S
A

Part.s had to identify stimuli either at local or global level (Navon, 1977).
When local features are close together there is a global precedence effect (-> global recognition not slowed down by incongruence, but local).
When letters are more widely spaced a local precedence effect:
S S

S S S

S S

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11
Q

Evidence for feature-matching theories comes from neurological and physiological research. Who and examples:

A

Hubel and Wiesel: single-cell recordings show evidence for orientation sensitive cells in V1.
DeValois and DeValois: cells sensitive to corners and angles

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12
Q

More complex/accurate picture of feature-recognition in the brain:

A

many cells serve multiple purposes,
information gathering about different features happens in parallel,
e.g. two streams: the “what” (= color shape identity) and the “where” (=location and motion) stream

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13
Q

Structural-Description Theory:

Name and specific theory!

A

Irving Biederman’s recognition-by-components (RBC) theory.

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14
Q

What is the recognition by components theory?

A

According to Biederman, we quickly recognize objects by observing the edges of them and then decomposing the object into geons.

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15
Q

Prosopagnosia?

A

The inability to recognize faces

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16
Q

What is a geon?

A

Geons can be used to build up many basic shapes and then many many basic objects. They are simple and viewpoint invariant.

17
Q

Biederman’s theory is an example of a…

A

… feature-matching theory.

18
Q

The dorsal pathway is also called the …

A

… “where” pathway.

19
Q

The “what” pathway is also called the …

A

… ventral and is responsible for color, shape and identity.

20
Q

One example of a feature matching model:

A

The Pandemonium Model

21
Q

What happens “in the pandemonium”?

A

Metaphorical demons with specific duties receive and analyze the features of a stimulus.
Image deamon -> feature demon -> cognitive demon (shout when they receive certain combinations of features) -> decision demon (listens to who shouts loudest)

22
Q

According to constructivits percepts are based on 3 things:

A
  • what we sense
  • what we know
  • what we can infer
23
Q

Two examples for feature-matching approaches to perdepction:

A
  • Selfridge’s Pandemonium Model

- Biederman’s RBC Theory

24
Q

One kind of effect that speaks in favor for constructive approaches to perception:

A

context effects

25
Q

An example for a context effect and a description:

A

configural-superiority effect
Objects presented in certain configurations are easier to recognize than in isolation altough the configurations are more complex.

26
Q

A smilar effect to the configural-superiority effect known from linguistics:

A

word-superiority effect (letters in words are easier to identify than in isolation)

27
Q

Deficit associated with damage to the “how” pathway:

A

optic ataxia, e.g. deficit in reaching for stuff

28
Q

The only “true” form of color blindness?

A

rod monochromacy / achromacy

29
Q

What’s the name for color blindness, where only one mechanism is not functioning correctly?

A

dichromacy

30
Q

Examples for dichromacy:

A
  • red-green color blindness