Cognitive Psychology Chapter III (87-103) Flashcards
Name two binocular depth cues!
- binocular disparity
- binocular convergence
Binocular depth cues utilize…
… the relative positioning of our eyes.
What happens in binocular disparity?
Our two eyes send increasingly disparate/differing images to our brain as objects approach us.
When or what for do we use binocular convergence?
When we view objects at relatively close locations.
What happens in binocular convergence?
Our two eyes increasingly turn inward as objects approach us. Our brain interprets these muscular movements as indications of distance from us.
Name two common positions about how we store representations of objects! And a third alternative!
- Viewer-Centred Representations (we store how the object appears to us)
- Object-Centred Representations (we store a representation of the object, independent of the viewpoint)
- landmark-centred (e.g. representing places in an unknown city according to their relation to our hotel)
A possible reconciliation of viewer- and object-centred approaches in object representation?
We use both kind of representations. Both are extrems on a continuum. (Burgund & Marsolek, 2000) + in the lab, people seem to be able to switch between all three
Perception also groups objects for us. This is an important concept of …
… the Gestalt approach.
Who founded the Gestalt approach to form perception?
- Kurt Koffka (1886 - 1941)
- Wolfgang Köhler (1887 - 1968)
- Max Wertheimer (1880 - 1943)
According to the “law of Prägnanz”, …
… we tend to perceive any given visual array in a way that most simply organizes the disparate elements into a stable and coherent form.
The concept of “figure-ground” deals with the fact that we …
… almost always perceive a figure in contrast to a background. (the famous vase / faces example: it is impossible to see both at the same time)
Name 6 Gestalt-principles!
- Figure-ground
- Proximity
- Similarity
- Continuity
- Closure
- Symmetry
Two systems involved in pattern-recognition:
System 1: recognition of parts of objects + assembling them into distinctive wholes
System 2 (Configuraional System): recognition of larger configurations (e.g. looking at a whole tulip flower, your friend’s face)
You were relying on which pattern recognition system, when your best friend is angry at you for not noticing her new glasses?
The second! Changes in the details or the structure are not obvious to the second system.
(also: people have more troubles recognizing parts of faces than whole faces. this is not the case for houses)
Who says the positive line of aestehtics is beauty and the sublime and the negativ end is ugliness? (Attention: terminological confusion! sublime and beauty? the same, something different? one point on one dimension? different dimensions?)
Steven Palmer
At least he recognices that aestehtics should not only be concerned with arts!
Three “aestehtic” biases investigated by Stephen Palmer (+ determine which of the two pics is “more beautiful”):
Center bias, inward bias and rightward bias.
When people are processing faces emotion increases activation in …
… fusiform gyrus.
Which pattern recognition system might be responsible for configurational effects when people stare at distorted faces.
the 2nd system (configurational system)
List theoretical apporaches to perception:
- Direct Perception
- Bottom-Up and Top-Down theories
- Theories that synthesize Bottom-Up and Top-Down approaches
List top-down and bottom-up approaches to perception!
- Bottom-Up Theories
- Template Theories
- Prototype Theories
- Feature Theories
- Structural-Description Theories
- Top-Down Approaches
How do we connect what we perceive to what we have stored in our minds? Gestalt psyhcologists referred to this problem as the …
… Hoffding function, named after 19th century Danish psychologist Harald Hoffding, who questioned whether perception can be reduced to a simple association of what is seen with what is remembered.
According to James J. Gibson’s (1904 - 1980) theory of direct perception everything we need for perception is available …
… in the array of information at our sensory receptors; no higher level stuff is needed for perception.
Why is Gibson’s model of direct perception sometimes referred to as an ecological model?
Because it is concerned with perception as it occurs in everyday life (the ecological environment) full of rich contextual information (in contrast to the lab situation).
Who followed under the Gibsonean banner and conducted landmark research on infant perception (e.g.depth perception)?
Eleanor Gibson
Bottom-up theories are aka.:
data-driven / stimulus-driven theories.
Name four main areas of bottom-up theories of form and pattern perception:
Template theories, prototype theories, feature theories and structural-description theories.
