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Today's Medical Assistant > CH # 9: Nervous System > Flashcards

CH # 9: Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

A nerve impulse

A rapid change in membrane potential that involves depolarization and repolarization

A

Action potential

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2
Q

2 names 4 the part of a neuron that carries impulses away from cell bodies

This structure is surrounded by many myelinated segments, while the unmyelinated regions between the segments r called the nodes of Ranvier

A

Axons

Efferent processes

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3
Q

Paired regions of grey matter scattered through out the white matter of the cerebrum

Functions as a relay station, or areas of synapse, in pathways going 2 and from the cortex.

They decrease muscle tone and inhibit musclar activity and play an important role in maintaining posture and coordinating motor movements

Almost all of a persons dopamine is produced here

A

Basal ganglia

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4
Q

The portion of the brain, between the diencephalon and spinal chord, that contains the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

Top down: midbrain > pons > medulla oblongata

Controls 3 vital centers of visceral activities:

  • cardiac center; adjusts heart rate and contraction strength
  • vasomotor center; regulates blood pressure
  • respiratory center; regulates rate, rhythm and depth of breathing
A

Brain stem

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5
Q

2 names 4 the grove of furrow between the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum

A

Central sulcus

Fissure of Rolando

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6
Q

2nd largest part of the human brain, located posterior 2 the pons and medulla oblongata and involved in the coordination of muscular movements

A

Cerebellum

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7
Q

A fluid, similar 2 plasm, that fills the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord

Located in the ventricles of the brain

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

The largest and uppermost part of the human brain

Concerned w/consciousness, learning, memory, sensations and voluntary movements

A

Cerebrum

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9
Q

2 names 4 the branching (treelike) structures of a neuron that receive impulses from other neurons and transmit them 2 the cell body

The number of “branches” varies w/each neuron

A

Dendrites

Afferent processes

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10
Q

A crossing over

Usually refers 2 motor fibers that cross over 2 the opposite side in the medulla oblongata

A

Decussation

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11
Q

Part of the brain between cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain

Includes the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

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12
Q

White, fatty substances that surrounds many nerve fibers

CNS: produced by oligodendrocytes but NO neurilemma meaning
no regeneration of fibers possible
PNS: produced by Schwann cells 2 form the neurilemma

A

Myelin

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13
Q

2 names 4 the layer of cells that surrounds a nerve fiber in the PNS and in some cases produces myelin

A

Neurilemma

Schwann sheath

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14
Q

Supporting cells of nervous tissue

Cells in nervous tissue that do not conduct impulses

A

Neuroglia

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15
Q

Nerve cell including its processes which includes:
-cell body/soma; nucleus,1 or more nucleolus, cytoplasmic
organelles
-dendrite(s) cytoplasmic extensions/fibers from the cell body
-1 axon; process that projects from the cell body

Conducting cell of nervous tissue that relays impulses

Amitotic: new structures can NOT be made or replaced

A

Neuron

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16
Q

A chemical substance that is released from the axon terminals 2 stimulate muscle fiber contraction or an impulse in another neuron

A

Neurotransmitters

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17
Q

Short spaces between segments of myelin in a myelinated nerve fiber

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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18
Q

Time during which an excitable cell cannot respond 2 a stimulus that is usually adequate 2 initiate an action potential

A

Refractory peroid

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19
Q

Process in which a nerve impulse travels along a myelinated nerve fiber by jumping from 1 node of Ranvier 2 the next

A

Saltatory conduction

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20
Q

The primary motor area of the brain

Located in the precentral gyrus

Transmits motor impulses 2 the body

A

Somatomotor cortex

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21
Q

The primary sensory area of the brain

Located in the postcentral gryus

Receives sensory impulses from the body

A

Somatosensory cortex

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22
Q

The region of communication between 2 neurons

A

Synapse

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23
Q

2 names 4 a minimum level of stimulation that is required 2 start a nerve impulse or muscle contraction

A

Threshold stimulus

Liminal stimulus

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24
Q

Part of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord in the dorsal cavity, both encased in bone 4 protection:

  • Brain is in the the cranial vault
  • Spinal cord is in the vertebral canal of the vertebral column

Surrounded by connective tissue membranes called meninges and cerebral spinal fluid

A

Central Nervous System

CNS

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25
Q

Connective tissue membranes that surround the CNS

Consists of 3 layers:

  • dura mater; outer layer
  • arachnoid; middle layer
  • pia mater; inner layer
A

Meninges

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26
Q

The outer layer of meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord

Tough, white, connective tissue that is just inside the cranial bones and lines the vertebral canal

Contains channels called dural sinuses which collect venous blood 2 return 2 the cardiovascular system

A

Dura Mater

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27
Q

The middle layer of meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord

Resembles a cob web in appearance because it has numerous threadlike strands that attach it 2 the inner most layer

There is a sub space beneath it that is filled w/CSF and contains blood vessels

A

Arachnoid

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28
Q

The sub space beneath the middle layer of the meninges that surround the brain that is filled w/CSF and contains blood vessels

A

Subarachnoid Space

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29
Q

The inner layer of meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord

Thin, delicate membrane that is tightly bound 2 the surface of the brain and spinal cord

A

Pia Mater

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30
Q

1 part of the CNS

Divided in2 4 parts:

  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • brain stem
  • cerebellum
A

Brain

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31
Q

Afferent neuron

Cell body is in the ganglion outside the CNS and extends in2 the CNS

Function is 2 transmit nerve impulses from receptor 2 CNS

A

Sensory neuron

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32
Q

The largest portion of the brain

Divided in2 2 cerebral hemispheres by a deep longitudinal fissure but it is connected by an arching band of white fibers called the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum functions as a communication pathway between the hemispheres

Each hemisphere is divided in2 5 lobes:

  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • insula/island of Reil
A

Cerebrum

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33
Q

Grey matter that forms the outermost part of the cerebrum

Consists of neuron cell bodies and UNmyelinated fibers

The center 4 sensory and motor functions:

  • somatosensory cortex
  • somatomotor cortex
A

Cerebral cortex

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34
Q

A region of the cerebral cortex located in the post central gyrus of the parietal lobe

This area of the brain is the primary sensory area that receives information from various sense organs and receptors throughout the skin and skeletal muscles

Right side receives input from the left side of the body and vice versa

A

Somatosensory Cortex

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35
Q

A region of the cerebral cortex in the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe

Area responsible 4 muscle contraction allowing us 2 have conscious control of our skeletal muscles

The right side controls the left side of the body and vice versa

Highly organized in a way similar 2 the primary sensory cortex w/neurons in a specific region responsible 4 controlling movement in a specific part of the body

A

Somatomotor Cortex

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36
Q

The connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord r the?

A

Meninges

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37
Q

The outer layer is the?

A

Dura mater

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38
Q

The middle layer is called?

A

Arachnoid

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39
Q

Innermost layer is called the?

A

Pia mater

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40
Q

The _________ mater adheres 2 brain tissue and the spinal cord

A

Pia

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41
Q

The largest [part of the brain is the?

A

Cerebrum

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42
Q

The _____________ _____________divides the cerebrum in2 2 cerebral hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

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43
Q

The band of white fibers that connects the cerebral hemispheres is the?

A

Corpus callosum

44
Q

The convolutions the surface of the cerebrum r called?

A

Gyri

45
Q

The grooves that separate gyri r called?

A

Sulci

46
Q

The 4 of the lobes and the bones of the skull have the same?

A

Name

47
Q

The outermost portion of the cerebrum that consists of grey matter is called?

A

Cerebral cortex

48
Q

Motor speech is controlled primarily by ______________ area in the frontal lobe?

A

Broca’s

49
Q

The understanding of language is primarily located in ________ area of the temporal lobe?

A

Wernicke’s

50
Q

____________ matter forms communication pathways

A

White

51
Q

The thalamus, hypothalamus epithalamus collectively make up the?

A

Diencephalon

52
Q

The ____________ is the largest part of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

53
Q

The ___________ serves as a connection between the CNS and the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

The most superior part of the brain stem is the?

A

Midbrain

55
Q

The middle portion of the brain stem is the?

A

Pons

56
Q

Pons means?

A

Bridge

57
Q

The inferior part of the brain stem is the?

A

Medulla oblongata

58
Q

The 2nd largest portion of the brain is the?

A

Cerebellum

59
Q

The fluid-filled cavities in the brain that r interconnected r?

A

Ventricles

60
Q

____________________ fluid is produced in the lateral ventricles and circulates through the 3rd and 4th ventricles 2 the cerebral aqueduct and the central canal of the spinal cord and throughout the subarachnoid layer of the meninges

A

Cerebrospinal

61
Q

The nervous system helps 2 maintain hemostasis by regulating vital functions and responding 2 internal and?

A

External stimuli

62
Q

Information that is gathered from stimuli, converted 2 nerve impulses and transmitted 2 the brain is reffered 2 as?

A

Sensory input

63
Q

Nervous system responds 2 sensory input and integration and sends signals 2 effectors, this is referred 2 as?

A

Motor functions

64
Q

Motor signal travel ___________ from the brain

A

Away

65
Q

The CNS and PNS r the 2 subdivisions of the?

A

Nervous system

66
Q

What r the 2 organs of the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

67
Q

Which of these organs have more parts?

brain or spinal cord

A

Brain

68
Q

Bundles of nerve fibers that extend from the CNS 2 the peripheral organs r called?

A

Nerves

69
Q

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS r called?

A

Ganglia

70
Q

The PNS is subdivided in2 ____________ and ___________ divisions

A

Afferent

and

Efferent

71
Q

______________ divisions transmits impulses from periphral organs 2 the CNS?

A

Sensory

or

Afferent

72
Q

______________ divisions transmits impulses from the CNS 2 peripheral organs

A

Efferent

73
Q

The prefix ad- means

A

Toward

74
Q

The prefix ex- means

A

Away

75
Q

The somatic nervous system is under ____________ control?

A

Voluntary

76
Q

Somatic literally means

A

Related 2 body structures

77
Q

R impulses 2 skeletal muscles afferent impulses or efferent impulses?

A

Efferent

78
Q

Autonomic nervous system is under ______________ control

A

Involuntary

79
Q

ANS is further subdivided in2 ___________ and __________ divisions

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

80
Q

The _________________ nervous system supplies motor impulses 2 cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glandular epithelium

A

Autonomic

81
Q

What r the 2 divisions of the efferent division of the PNS?

A

Somatic

and

Autonomic

82
Q

R efferent impulses motor or sensory?

A

Motor

83
Q

What r the 2 divisions of the afferent division of the PNS?

A

Visceral

and

Somatic

84
Q

R afferent impulses motor or sensory?

A

Sensory

85
Q

A nerve cell is called?

A

Neuron

86
Q

The cell that provides a support system 4 neurons is called?

A

Neuroglia

87
Q

The suffix -glia means?

A

Glue

88
Q

Neurons do not under go mitosis, the term 4 this is?

A

Amitotic

89
Q

The main part of the neuron that contains the nucleus is the?

A

Cell body

90
Q

The cytoplasmic extensions that r short and branching and transmit impulses 2 the cell body is the?

A

Dendrites

91
Q

The cytoplasmic extension that is elongated that carries impulses away from the cell body is called the?

A

Axon

92
Q

The enlargement at the distal end of the telodendria that contains vesicles of neurotransmitters is the?

A

Synaptic knob

93
Q

White fatty substance that surrounds nerve fibers is called?

A

Myelin

94
Q

Short, unmyelinated regions between 2 segments of myelin in myelinated nerve fiber is called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

95
Q

__________ form the connecting link between the afferent and efferent neurons

A

Interneurons

96
Q

A series of fluid-filled (cerebrospinal fluid)cavities found w/in the brain

A

Ventricles

97
Q

Cranial nerves associated w/the special senses of smell, vision, hearing and equilibrium and have only sensory fibers

A

Cranial nerves I, II, VIII

98
Q

Cranial nerves that r primarily motor in function but does have some sensory fibers 4 proprioception

A

Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, XI, XIII

99
Q

Cranial nerves consist of significant amounts of both sensory and motor fibers

A

Cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X

100
Q

31 pairs of (mixed)nerves emerge laterally from the spinal cord

Each is connected 2 the spinal cord by 2 types of roots:

  • dorsal root; sensory only
  • ventral root; motor only
A

Spinal nerves

101
Q

Spinal nerves C1 - C8

A

Cervical nerves

102
Q

Spinal nerves T1 - T12

A

Thoracic nerves

103
Q

Spinal nerves L1 - L5

A

Lumbar nerves

104
Q

Spinal nerves S1 - S5

A

Sacral nerves

105
Q

Spinal nerve Co

A

Coccygeal nerve

106
Q

An autonomic involuntary response 2 some change, either inside or outside the body

A

Reflex

Today's Medical Assistant (46 decks)

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