CH # 27: Cardiopulmonary Procedures Flashcards
Refers 2 amount, extent, size, abundance or fullness (of a sign wave)
Amplitude
Additional electrical activity picked up by the EKG that interferes w/the normal appearance of the EKG cycles
There r 4 types:
- muscle
- wandering baseline
- 60 cycle interference
- interrupted baseline
Artifacts
Buildup of fibrous plaques of fatty clots and cholesterol on the inner walls of an artery that causes narrowing, obstruction and hardening of the artery
Athrosclerosis
The flat horizontal line that separates the various waves of the EKG cycle
Baseline
1 complete heartbeat
Cardiac cycle
2 names 4 an irregular heart rate or rhythm
There r 3 types:
- extra beats
- abnormal rhythm
- abnormal heart rate
Dysrthythmia
Arrhythmia
The graphic representation of a heartbeat
EKG cycle
The graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiogram
ECG or EKG
The instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiograph
A conductor of electricity which is used 2 promote contact between the body and the electrocardiograph
The heart only gives off 0.1 mV - 0.3 mV so it is conducted through an amp 2 boost the signal in order 2 get a readable measurement
Electrode
A chemical substance that promotes conduction of an electrical current
Electrolyte
The number of liters of oxygen per minute that come out of an oxygen delivery system
Flow rate
A decrease in the oxygen saturation of the blood
Hypoxemia
A reduction in the oxygen supply 2 the tissues of the body
Hypoxia
The length of a wave or a wave w/a segment
3 types:
- PR interval
- QT interval
- baseline
Interval
Deficiency of blood in a body part
Ischemia
Refers 2 a EKG/ECG that is w/in normal limits
Normal sinus rhythm
The administration of supplemental oxygen at concentration greater than room air 2 treat or prevent hypoxemia
Oxygen therapy
The maximum volume of air that can b exhaled when the patient blows in2 a peak flow meter as forcefully and rapidly as possible
Segment
An instrument 4 measuring air taken in2 and expelled from the lungs
This device records both the amount and speed of air being exhaled from the lungs
Spirometer
Measurement of an individual’s breathing capacity by means of a spirometer
Indications 4 performing these tests r:
-patient’s that experiencing lung disfunction
-patients at high risk 4 lung disease due 2 environmental irritants
ex. Coal dust, exhaust fumes, asbestos…
-patients w/lung disease ex.asthma, emphysema…
-patients who r about 2 go through surgery (2 assess lung
performance during surgery)
-patients who need 2 b evaluated 4 a lung disability or impairment
4 a compensation program
Spirometry
A continuous, high-pitched whistling musical sound heard particularly during exhalation and sometime during inhalation
Wheezing
A part of the EKG wave cycle
Represents the electrical activity associated w/the contraction of the atria; aka atrial depolarization
P Wave
A part of the EKG wave cycle
Represents the electrical activity associated w/contraction of the ventricles; aka ventricular depolarization
QRS Complex
A part of the EKG wave cycle
Represents the electrical recovery of the ventricles; aka ventricular repolarization
Ventricular repolarization happens at the same time as atrial repolarization and masks the atrial repolarization during an EKG cycle
T Wave
A part of the EKG wave cycle
This is a small wave that occasionally follows the T wave
Its association is yet 2 b defined but may have something 2 do w/purkinje fibers or repolarization of the papillary muscles of the heart
U Wave
A part of the EKG cycle
The portion of the EKG that occurs between 2 waves or EKG cycles
2 types: PR and ST
Segment
A type of segment w/in the EKG cycle
Represents the time interval from the end of atrial depolarization 2 the beginning of ventricular depolarization
PR Segment
A type of segment w/in the EKG cycle
Represents the time interval from the end of ventricular depolarization 2 the beginning of repolarization of the ventricles
ST Segment
A type of interval w/in the EKG cycle
Represents the time interval from the beginning of the atrial depolarization 2 the beginning of the ventricular depolarization
PR Interval
A type of interval w/in the EKG cycle
Represents the time interval from the beginning of ventricular depolarization 2 the end of repolarization of the ventricles
QT interval
A type of interval w/in the EKG cycle
Comes after the T wave or U wave(if present)
Represents the period when the entire heart returns 2 its resting or polarized state
Baseline
This is a quality control measure that insures that the EKG is calibrated 4 reliable and accurate recording and appears at the beginning and the end of a EKG strip
The EKG machine allows 10 mV 2 enter the machine and should result in an upward deflection of 10 mm (or 2 large squares) If it’s anything other than 10 mm, the machine needs 2 b recalibrated
Standardization Mark
The 1st 3 leads of a 12 lead EKG
These leads w/the augmented leads create a “photograph” of the heart’s activity from side 2 side and from top 2 bottom of the heart
Bipolar Leads
A bipolar lead
Records the current between the right and left arms
Lead I
A bipolar lead
Records the current between the right arm and the left leg
Has the clearest signal of all the 12 leads so physicians will request a rhythm strip(a longer recording)
Lead II
A bipolar lead
Records the current between left arm and left leg
Lead III
These 3 leads measure the current between the extremities except the right leg because RL is grounded
These leads w/the bipolar leads create a “photograph” of the heart’s activity from side 2 side and from top 2 bottom of the heart
Augmented Leads
An augmented lead that records the current between the left arm and a central point between the right and left left leg
aVL
An augmented lead that records the current between the right arm and a central point between the left arm and the left leg
aVR
An augmented lead that records the current between the left leg and a central point between the right and left arms
aVF
Leads V1 - V6
They record the voltage from the front 2 the back of the heart from a central point “inside” the heart 2 the point on the body where the electrode is placed
Misplacement of leads I and II can alter the P and T waves giving a false positive reading 4 heart disease
Chest Leads
2 names 4 a diagnostic procedure that is used 2 evaluate the cardiovascular health of individuals w/known heart disease or at high risk of it
This procedure is usually performed in a hospital under the direction of a cardiologist and a cardiac technician in case problems occur during the procedure
This procedure involves the use of a treadmill and continuous EKG monitoring 2 evaluate the response of the heart 2 maximum or near maximum exertion
Cardiac Stress Test
Exercise Tolerance Test
A procedure that employs the use of a radioactive material injected through an IV
Nuclear Cardiac Stress Test
A type of artifact
Can b identified by its fuzzy, irregular baseline
There r 2 types: voluntary and involuntary movement
They can b caused by:
- an apprehensive patient
- patient discomfort
- patient movement
- a physical condition
Muscle Artifact
A type of artifact
Happens when the flat horizontal line that separates the various waves of the EKG cycle is no longer flat due 2 fluctuations in the signal
Can b caused by:
- loose electrodes
- dried out electrolyte
- body oils, cremes or lotions on the skin
- excessive movement of the chest during respiration
Wandering Baseline Artifact
2 names 4 a type of artifact that is caused by electrical interference
The signal appears as small, straight, spiked lines that r consistent causing the baseline 2 b thick and unreadable
Can b caused by:
- lead wires not following body contour
- other electrical equipment in the room
- wiring in the structure or building
- improper grounding of the EKG
60 Cycle Interference Artifact
AC Artifact
A type of artifact that effects the baseline signal
Most likely due 2 a defect in the equipment ex. frayed wire
Interrupted Baseline Artifact
2 names 4 a portable ambulatory monitoring system 4 the continuous recording of the electrical activity in the heart for 24 hours or longer
Its purpose is 2 detect cardiac abnormalities or the effectiveness of medications or pacemakers during the patient’s daily routine
This device picks up electrical impulses from the heart by electrodes and transmits them through lead wires 2 a recording device
Holter Monitor
Ambulatory Electrocardiographic Monitor
AEM
A portable ambulatory monitoring system 4 the continuous recording of the electrical activity in the heart for 24, 48 or 72 hours and stores these readings on a memory card inside the device
Digital Holter Monitor
The purpose of these tests is 2 asses lung functioning, assisting in the detection and evaluation of pulmonary disease
Types of tests include:
- spirometry (most frequently performed test)
- lung volumes
- diffusion capacity
- arterial blood gas volume
- pulse oximetry
- peak flow measurement
- cardiopulmonary exercise tests
Pulmonary Function Tests
A type of pulmonary function test
If a spirometry test indicates a possible obstruction, the physician will order this test 2 b done so the physician will know how the treatment would work in patients whose airways r obstructed
This test involves having the patient inhale on a bronchidialitor and then running a spirometry test 10 - 15 minutes later
Postbronchodialitor Spirometry
This is a chronic lung disease that effects the smaller bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs
This disease is more common in children and young adults.
Boys get it more frequently b4 puberty
Girls get it more frequently after puberty
Asthma
These periods vary w/each patient and vary in frequency and severity and may come on suddenly or gradually and last for 10-15 minutes or hours or even days
This is triggered by irritants in the environment weather they r natural elements or man made chemical substances.
Ex. Dust, mold, chemical fumes…
The body’s reaction 2 this trigger is the bronchial tubes begin 2 constrict and swell, becoming clogged w/mucus. This reduces the amount a patient can breath in and out which leads 2 a decrease in the amount of oxygen available 2 the body. This causes the patient 2 experience this diseases symptoms.
Asthma Attacks
These problems include:
- chronic inflammation of the small airways of the lungs
- recurrent attacks of coughing
- chest tightness
- shortness of breath
- wheezing
These problems can b followed by a problem-free period
Asthma Symptoms
Treatment involves avoidance of symptom triggers and using medications 2 aleaveate symptoms. There r 2 types of medication used 2 treat this disease:
-long-term-control medications; This helps relieve bronchial
inflammation and prevents symptoms from occurring
-quick relief medications(aka; rescue medications) this opens the
airways quickly by dilating the bronchial tubes
Unchecked, this disease can lead 2 problems like permanent lung damage
Asthma Treatments
This disease can cause a variety of symptoms:
- angina (chest pain)
- indigestion or heartburn
- shortness of breath
- palpitations
- rapid or irregular heart beats
- weakness or dizziness
- nausea
- sweating
- discomfort, heaviness, pressure or pain in the chest
- fainting
All these symptoms cause irregular EKG sign wave outputs
Ex. ischemia can cause a depressed S-T segment and inverted T
wave
Ex. myocardial infarction can cause a larger then normal Q wave
and an elevated S-T segment
Heart Disease
It is a portable, hand held, manual or digital device used 2 measure a breathing maneuver performed by the patient; it is used 2 measure how quickly air flows out of the lungs when the patient exhales forcefully that is measured in liters per minute(L/min)
Manual: consists of a plastic tube w/a sliding indicator that
manually moves along a scale of numbers as the patient
performs the breathing maneuver
Digital: automatically measures the breathing maneuver and
displays the number digitally on a screen
This device is available in 2 ranges:
-low-range: 0-300, is used by children and older adults
-high-range: 0-800, is used by older children, teenagers and
adults
Peak Flow Meter
2 names 4 a device that gives spontaneous depolarization by sending an electrical current in2 the atrium causing it 2 contract
SA Node Function
Pacemaker
This disease causes inflammation 2 the layers of the pericardium sac that encompasses the heart.
Symptoms can b acute(few days-3 weeks)
or chronic(several months)
-chest pain that is sharp and stabbing in the middle or left side of
the chest w/possible pain in the shoulder(s) Sitting up and
leaning 4ward can ease the pain, while, laying down and
deep breathing worsens the pain
-fever
-weakness
-trouble breathing
-coughing
-palpitations
Treatment is medications and/or surgery:
-medications: anti-inflammatories, colchicine or prednisone. If the
cause of this disease is a viral infection, antibiotics r
used.
-surgeries: -a procedure involving inserting a catheter in2 the wall
of the pericardium 2 w/draw fluid which eases
pressure on the heart
- removal of the pericardium sac from the heart
Pericarditis
An imaginary triangle created by the placement of the 3 bipolar leads during an EKG test
Lead I: right arm > left arm
Lead II: left arm > left leg
Lead III: left leg > right arm
Einthoven’s Triangle
