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Today's Medical Assistant > CH # 27: Cardiopulmonary Procedures > Flashcards

CH # 27: Cardiopulmonary Procedures Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Refers 2 amount, extent, size, abundance or fullness (of a sign wave)

A

Amplitude

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2
Q

Additional electrical activity picked up by the EKG that interferes w/the normal appearance of the EKG cycles

There r 4 types:

  • muscle
  • wandering baseline
  • 60 cycle interference
  • interrupted baseline
A

Artifacts

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3
Q

Buildup of fibrous plaques of fatty clots and cholesterol on the inner walls of an artery that causes narrowing, obstruction and hardening of the artery

A

Athrosclerosis

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4
Q

The flat horizontal line that separates the various waves of the EKG cycle

A

Baseline

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5
Q

1 complete heartbeat

A

Cardiac cycle

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6
Q

2 names 4 an irregular heart rate or rhythm

There r 3 types:

  • extra beats
  • abnormal rhythm
  • abnormal heart rate
A

Dysrthythmia

Arrhythmia

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7
Q

The graphic representation of a heartbeat

A

EKG cycle

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8
Q

The graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart

A

Electrocardiogram

ECG or EKG

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9
Q

The instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart

A

Electrocardiograph

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10
Q

A conductor of electricity which is used 2 promote contact between the body and the electrocardiograph

The heart only gives off 0.1 mV - 0.3 mV so it is conducted through an amp 2 boost the signal in order 2 get a readable measurement

A

Electrode

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11
Q

A chemical substance that promotes conduction of an electrical current

A

Electrolyte

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12
Q

The number of liters of oxygen per minute that come out of an oxygen delivery system

A

Flow rate

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13
Q

A decrease in the oxygen saturation of the blood

A

Hypoxemia

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14
Q

A reduction in the oxygen supply 2 the tissues of the body

A

Hypoxia

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15
Q

The length of a wave or a wave w/a segment

3 types:

  • PR interval
  • QT interval
  • baseline
A

Interval

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16
Q

Deficiency of blood in a body part

A

Ischemia

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17
Q

Refers 2 a EKG/ECG that is w/in normal limits

A

Normal sinus rhythm

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18
Q

The administration of supplemental oxygen at concentration greater than room air 2 treat or prevent hypoxemia

A

Oxygen therapy

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19
Q

The maximum volume of air that can b exhaled when the patient blows in2 a peak flow meter as forcefully and rapidly as possible

A

Segment

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20
Q

An instrument 4 measuring air taken in2 and expelled from the lungs

This device records both the amount and speed of air being exhaled from the lungs

A

Spirometer

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21
Q

Measurement of an individual’s breathing capacity by means of a spirometer

Indications 4 performing these tests r:
-patient’s that experiencing lung disfunction
-patients at high risk 4 lung disease due 2 environmental irritants
ex. Coal dust, exhaust fumes, asbestos…
-patients w/lung disease ex.asthma, emphysema…
-patients who r about 2 go through surgery (2 assess lung
performance during surgery)
-patients who need 2 b evaluated 4 a lung disability or impairment
4 a compensation program

A

Spirometry

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22
Q

A continuous, high-pitched whistling musical sound heard particularly during exhalation and sometime during inhalation

A

Wheezing

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23
Q

A part of the EKG wave cycle

Represents the electrical activity associated w/the contraction of the atria; aka atrial depolarization

A

P Wave

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24
Q

A part of the EKG wave cycle

Represents the electrical activity associated w/contraction of the ventricles; aka ventricular depolarization

A

QRS Complex

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25
Q

A part of the EKG wave cycle

Represents the electrical recovery of the ventricles; aka ventricular repolarization

Ventricular repolarization happens at the same time as atrial repolarization and masks the atrial repolarization during an EKG cycle

A

T Wave

26
Q

A part of the EKG wave cycle

This is a small wave that occasionally follows the T wave

Its association is yet 2 b defined but may have something 2 do w/purkinje fibers or repolarization of the papillary muscles of the heart

A

U Wave

27
Q

A part of the EKG cycle

The portion of the EKG that occurs between 2 waves or EKG cycles

2 types: PR and ST

A

Segment

28
Q

A type of segment w/in the EKG cycle

Represents the time interval from the end of atrial depolarization 2 the beginning of ventricular depolarization

A

PR Segment

29
Q

A type of segment w/in the EKG cycle

Represents the time interval from the end of ventricular depolarization 2 the beginning of repolarization of the ventricles

A

ST Segment

30
Q

A type of interval w/in the EKG cycle

Represents the time interval from the beginning of the atrial depolarization 2 the beginning of the ventricular depolarization

A

PR Interval

31
Q

A type of interval w/in the EKG cycle

Represents the time interval from the beginning of ventricular depolarization 2 the end of repolarization of the ventricles

A

QT interval

32
Q

A type of interval w/in the EKG cycle

Comes after the T wave or U wave(if present)

Represents the period when the entire heart returns 2 its resting or polarized state

A

Baseline

33
Q

This is a quality control measure that insures that the EKG is calibrated 4 reliable and accurate recording and appears at the beginning and the end of a EKG strip

The EKG machine allows 10 mV 2 enter the machine and should result in an upward deflection of 10 mm (or 2 large squares) If it’s anything other than 10 mm, the machine needs 2 b recalibrated

A

Standardization Mark

34
Q

The 1st 3 leads of a 12 lead EKG

These leads w/the augmented leads create a “photograph” of the heart’s activity from side 2 side and from top 2 bottom of the heart

A

Bipolar Leads

35
Q

A bipolar lead

Records the current between the right and left arms

A

Lead I

36
Q

A bipolar lead

Records the current between the right arm and the left leg

Has the clearest signal of all the 12 leads so physicians will request a rhythm strip(a longer recording)

A

Lead II

37
Q

A bipolar lead

Records the current between left arm and left leg

A

Lead III

38
Q

These 3 leads measure the current between the extremities except the right leg because RL is grounded

These leads w/the bipolar leads create a “photograph” of the heart’s activity from side 2 side and from top 2 bottom of the heart

A

Augmented Leads

39
Q

An augmented lead that records the current between the left arm and a central point between the right and left left leg

A

aVL

40
Q

An augmented lead that records the current between the right arm and a central point between the left arm and the left leg

A

aVR

41
Q

An augmented lead that records the current between the left leg and a central point between the right and left arms

A

aVF

42
Q

Leads V1 - V6

They record the voltage from the front 2 the back of the heart from a central point “inside” the heart 2 the point on the body where the electrode is placed

Misplacement of leads I and II can alter the P and T waves giving a false positive reading 4 heart disease

A

Chest Leads

43
Q

2 names 4 a diagnostic procedure that is used 2 evaluate the cardiovascular health of individuals w/known heart disease or at high risk of it

This procedure is usually performed in a hospital under the direction of a cardiologist and a cardiac technician in case problems occur during the procedure

This procedure involves the use of a treadmill and continuous EKG monitoring 2 evaluate the response of the heart 2 maximum or near maximum exertion

A

Cardiac Stress Test

Exercise Tolerance Test

44
Q

A procedure that employs the use of a radioactive material injected through an IV

A

Nuclear Cardiac Stress Test

45
Q

A type of artifact

Can b identified by its fuzzy, irregular baseline

There r 2 types: voluntary and involuntary movement

They can b caused by:

  • an apprehensive patient
  • patient discomfort
  • patient movement
  • a physical condition
A

Muscle Artifact

46
Q

A type of artifact

Happens when the flat horizontal line that separates the various waves of the EKG cycle is no longer flat due 2 fluctuations in the signal

Can b caused by:

  • loose electrodes
  • dried out electrolyte
  • body oils, cremes or lotions on the skin
  • excessive movement of the chest during respiration
A

Wandering Baseline Artifact

47
Q

2 names 4 a type of artifact that is caused by electrical interference

The signal appears as small, straight, spiked lines that r consistent causing the baseline 2 b thick and unreadable

Can b caused by:

  • lead wires not following body contour
  • other electrical equipment in the room
  • wiring in the structure or building
  • improper grounding of the EKG
A

60 Cycle Interference Artifact

AC Artifact

48
Q

A type of artifact that effects the baseline signal

Most likely due 2 a defect in the equipment ex. frayed wire

A

Interrupted Baseline Artifact

49
Q

2 names 4 a portable ambulatory monitoring system 4 the continuous recording of the electrical activity in the heart for 24 hours or longer

Its purpose is 2 detect cardiac abnormalities or the effectiveness of medications or pacemakers during the patient’s daily routine

This device picks up electrical impulses from the heart by electrodes and transmits them through lead wires 2 a recording device

A

Holter Monitor

Ambulatory Electrocardiographic Monitor
AEM

50
Q

A portable ambulatory monitoring system 4 the continuous recording of the electrical activity in the heart for 24, 48 or 72 hours and stores these readings on a memory card inside the device

A

Digital Holter Monitor

51
Q

The purpose of these tests is 2 asses lung functioning, assisting in the detection and evaluation of pulmonary disease

Types of tests include:

  • spirometry (most frequently performed test)
  • lung volumes
  • diffusion capacity
  • arterial blood gas volume
  • pulse oximetry
  • peak flow measurement
  • cardiopulmonary exercise tests
A

Pulmonary Function Tests

52
Q

A type of pulmonary function test

If a spirometry test indicates a possible obstruction, the physician will order this test 2 b done so the physician will know how the treatment would work in patients whose airways r obstructed

This test involves having the patient inhale on a bronchidialitor and then running a spirometry test 10 - 15 minutes later

A

Postbronchodialitor Spirometry

53
Q

This is a chronic lung disease that effects the smaller bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs

This disease is more common in children and young adults.
Boys get it more frequently b4 puberty
Girls get it more frequently after puberty

A

Asthma

54
Q

These periods vary w/each patient and vary in frequency and severity and may come on suddenly or gradually and last for 10-15 minutes or hours or even days

This is triggered by irritants in the environment weather they r natural elements or man made chemical substances.
Ex. Dust, mold, chemical fumes…

The body’s reaction 2 this trigger is the bronchial tubes begin 2 constrict and swell, becoming clogged w/mucus. This reduces the amount a patient can breath in and out which leads 2 a decrease in the amount of oxygen available 2 the body. This causes the patient 2 experience this diseases symptoms.

A

Asthma Attacks

55
Q

These problems include:

  • chronic inflammation of the small airways of the lungs
  • recurrent attacks of coughing
  • chest tightness
  • shortness of breath
  • wheezing

These problems can b followed by a problem-free period

A

Asthma Symptoms

56
Q

Treatment involves avoidance of symptom triggers and using medications 2 aleaveate symptoms. There r 2 types of medication used 2 treat this disease:

-long-term-control medications; This helps relieve bronchial
inflammation and prevents symptoms from occurring

-quick relief medications(aka; rescue medications) this opens the
airways quickly by dilating the bronchial tubes

Unchecked, this disease can lead 2 problems like permanent lung damage

A

Asthma Treatments

57
Q

This disease can cause a variety of symptoms:

  • angina (chest pain)
  • indigestion or heartburn
  • shortness of breath
  • palpitations
  • rapid or irregular heart beats
  • weakness or dizziness
  • nausea
  • sweating
  • discomfort, heaviness, pressure or pain in the chest
  • fainting

All these symptoms cause irregular EKG sign wave outputs
Ex. ischemia can cause a depressed S-T segment and inverted T
wave
Ex. myocardial infarction can cause a larger then normal Q wave
and an elevated S-T segment

A

Heart Disease

58
Q

It is a portable, hand held, manual or digital device used 2 measure a breathing maneuver performed by the patient; it is used 2 measure how quickly air flows out of the lungs when the patient exhales forcefully that is measured in liters per minute(L/min)

Manual: consists of a plastic tube w/a sliding indicator that
manually moves along a scale of numbers as the patient
performs the breathing maneuver

Digital: automatically measures the breathing maneuver and
displays the number digitally on a screen

This device is available in 2 ranges:
-low-range: 0-300, is used by children and older adults
-high-range: 0-800, is used by older children, teenagers and
adults

A

Peak Flow Meter

59
Q

2 names 4 a device that gives spontaneous depolarization by sending an electrical current in2 the atrium causing it 2 contract

A

SA Node Function

Pacemaker

60
Q

This disease causes inflammation 2 the layers of the pericardium sac that encompasses the heart.

Symptoms can b acute(few days-3 weeks)
or chronic(several months)
-chest pain that is sharp and stabbing in the middle or left side of
the chest w/possible pain in the shoulder(s) Sitting up and
leaning 4ward can ease the pain, while, laying down and
deep breathing worsens the pain
-fever
-weakness
-trouble breathing
-coughing
-palpitations

Treatment is medications and/or surgery:
-medications: anti-inflammatories, colchicine or prednisone. If the
cause of this disease is a viral infection, antibiotics r
used.
-surgeries: -a procedure involving inserting a catheter in2 the wall
of the pericardium 2 w/draw fluid which eases
pressure on the heart
- removal of the pericardium sac from the heart

A

Pericarditis

61
Q

An imaginary triangle created by the placement of the 3 bipolar leads during an EKG test

Lead I: right arm > left arm
Lead II: left arm > left leg
Lead III: left leg > right arm

A

Einthoven’s Triangle

Today's Medical Assistant (46 decks)

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