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Today's Medical Assistant > CH # 10: The Senses > Flashcards

CH # 10: The Senses Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Mechanism that allows the eye to focus at various distances, primary achieved by changing the curvature of the lens

A

Accommodation

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2
Q

The eyeball

A

Bulbous oculi

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3
Q

A sensory receptor that detects the presence of chemicals; responsible 4 taste, smell and monitoring of the concentration of certain chemicals in body fluids

Stimulus: changes in chemical concentration of substances

A

Chemoreceptor

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4
Q

Spiral or snail-shaped portion of the inner ear

Encloses the organ of Corti which contain the receptors 4 sound

A

Cochlea

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5
Q

Receptor organ located w/in the ampulla of the semicircular canals; functions in dynamic equilibrium

A

Crista ampullaris

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6
Q

Senses that r located throughout the body; somatic senses

A

General senses

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7
Q

Sense of taste

A

Gustatory sense

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8
Q

The structures that produce and convey tears

A

Lacrimal apparatus

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9
Q

Yellowish depression on the retina

A

Macula lutea

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10
Q

Sensory receptors that respond 2 a bending or deformation of the cells; located throughout the skin

Examples: receptors 4 touch, pressure, hearing and equilibrium

Stimulus: changes in pressure or movement in fluids

3 types: free nerve endings, Meissner corpuscles and pacinian corpuscles

A

Mechanoreceptors

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11
Q

Sensory receptors that respond 2 tissue damage; pain receptors

Stimulus: tissue damage

These receptors do NOT adapt and may continue to send signals after the stimulus has been removed

A

Nociceptors

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12
Q

A type of chemoreceptor that gives us a sense of smell

They r concentrated on the superior region of the nasal cavity and have long cilia that extend 2 the surface and project in2 the nasal cavity. The cilia r considered 2 b the sensitive receptors

Stimulated by chemicals dissolved in liquids

A

Olfactory neurons

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13
Q

Little stones of calcium carbonate in the macular of the inner ear

A

Otoliths

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14
Q

Sensory receptors that sense light; located in the retina of the eye

Stimulus: light energy

A

Photoreceptors

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15
Q

The sense of body position and movements; responds 2 stimuli originating w/in an organism or muscle

Golgi tendon organs(the junction of a tendon w/a muscle) and muscle spindles(located in skeletal muscles) r impoprtant mechanoreceptors 4 this

A

Proprioception

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16
Q

The bending of light as it passes from 1 medium 2 another so they can focus the image on the retina(up side down)

When light hits a concave surface; they scatter or diverge
When light hits a convex surface; they get closer together or converge

The closer the object, the more the light rays have 2 bend 2 focus and the greater the curvature of the lens

A

Refraction

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17
Q

A photosensitive pigment in the rods; the greater the concentration-the greater the sensitivity 2 light

A substance that is very light sensitive. When light hits this, it is broken down in2 it’s components: opsin(a protein) and retinal(derivative of vitamin A)

A

Rhodopsin

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18
Q

Phenomenon in which some receptors responds when a stimulus is 1st applied but decreases w/prolonged stimulation

A

Sensory adaptation

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19
Q

Senses w/receptors localized in a particular area; taste, smell, vision and hearing

A

Special senses

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20
Q

Sensory receptors that detect changes in temperature and show rapid sensory adaption

Located immediately under the skin and r widely distributed throughout the body. Highest concentration is in the lips and least concentration is in the broad surfaces of the trunk

Stimulus: heat and cold (10X’s more cold receptors then heat receptors) extreme temperatures can stimulate pain receptors

A

Thermoreceptors

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21
Q

5 types; the basis 4 these types is the type of stimulus 2
which they r sensitive or have a low threshold
-chemoreceptor
-mechanoreceptors
-nociceptors
-thermoreceptors
-photoreceptors

A

Sense receptors

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22
Q

This only occurs after impulses have been interpreted by the brain

Steps involved:
1-there must b a stimulus
2-a receptor must detect a stimulus and create an action potential
3-the action potential(impulse) must b conducted 2 the CNS
4-w/in the CNS, the impulse must b translated in2 information
5-information must b interpreted in the CNS in2 an awareness or perception of the stimulus

A

Perceived sensation

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23
Q

1 of 3 types of mechanoreceptors

Referred 2 as lamellae corpuscles because several layers of connective tissue surround the nerve endings. Heavy pressure is needed 2 stimulation

Common in deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues, tendons and ligaments

A

Pacinian corpuscles

24
Q

A type of chemoreceptor localized in the mouth region, on the surface of the tongue and is considered the organ of taste

Made up of specialized epithelial cells called gustatory cells or taste cells interspersed w/supporting cells and nerve fibers

4 different sensation types: salty, sweet, sour and bitter

When the microvilli(taste hairs) r stimulated, an impulse is triggered on a nearby nerve fiber. Impulses from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue travel along the facial nerve; impulses from the posterior 1/3 travel along the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Taste buds

25
Q

Olfactory neurons pass through the foramina in the ethmoid bone and enter the olfactory bulb of the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve 1). Here they synapse w/association neurons that conduct the impulses to this area in the temporal lobe where they r interpreted

A

Olfactory cortex

26
Q

Inflammation of the eye’s sebaceous glands

A

Stye

27
Q

Functions: they moisten, lubricate and cleanse the anterior surface of the eye and contain an enzyme(lysozyme) that helps destroy bacteria and prevent infections

They r produced by the lacrimal glands and flow through lacrimal ducts and across the surface of the eye 2 the medial side, where they drain in2 2 small lacrimal canals. They then flow in2 the lacrimal sac and then in2 the nasolacrimal duct, which opens in2 the nasal cavity

A

Tears

28
Q

The white part of the eye

Covers the posterior 5/6th’s of the eyeball and the muscles that move the eye r attached 2 it

A

Sclera

29
Q

Refers 2 when the suspensory ligaments relax and the lens bulges(becomes more convex) 2 allow focusing 4 close
vision

When this is relaxed, the suspensory ligaments r taut and the lens is flat allowing 4 distance vision

A

Ciliary muscle contractions

30
Q

A type of photoreceptor cells located in a layer of the retina

They r thin cells w/slender, rodlike projections and r sensitive 2 dim light

They r more numerous than the other type of photoreceptor in the eye but they r absent in the fovea centralis and their number increases proportionately 2 the distance away from the fovea centralis.

Many of them synapse w/a single sensory fiber which causes them 2 lack fine detail. They also function 2 c black and white, dim vision and night vision

They contain a substance called rhodopsin

A

Rods

31
Q

Where the optic nerve penetrates and passes through the retina layers

It does NOT contain photoreceptors so it is referred 2 as the blind spot of the eye1

A

Optic disk

32
Q

A type of photoreceptor cells that control visual acuity and color vision and r located in the fovea centralis of the retina

They r thicker cells w/short blunt projections that converge less than the other type of photoreceptor in the eye so they provide color and sharp images w/fine detail

3 types each w/a different type of pigment: all these pigments contain retinal but the protein portion is different

  • green light
  • blue light
  • red light

Perceived color depends on the quantity and the combinations of light receptors stimulated. If all colors r stimulated-u c white; if no colors r stimulated-u c black

A

Cones

33
Q

A waxy substance produced in the ears which help prevent foreign objects from reaching the eardrum

A

Cerumen

34
Q

5 types; the basis 4 these types is the type of stimulus 2
which they r sensitive or have a low threshold
-chemoreceptor
-mechanoreceptors
-nociceptors
-thermoreceptors
-photoreceptors

A

Sense receptors

35
Q

This only occurs after impulses have been interpreted by the brain

Steps involved:
1-there must b a stimulus
2-a receptor must detect a stimulus and create an action potential
3-the action potential(impulse) must b conducted 2 the CNS
4-w/in the CNS, the impulse must b translated in2 information
5-information must b interpreted in the CNS in2 an awareness or perception of the stimulus

A

Perceived sensation

36
Q

1 of 3 types of mechanoreceptors

Referred 2 as lamellae corpuscles because several layers of connective tissue surround the nerve endings. Heavy pressure is needed 2 stimulation

Common in deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues, tendons and ligaments

A

Pacinian corpuscles

37
Q

A type of chemoreceptor localized in the mouth region, on the surface of the tongue and is considered the organ of taste

Made up of specialized epithelial cells called gustatory cells or taste cells interspersed w/supporting cells and nerve fibers

4 different sensation types: salty, sweet, sour and bitter

When the microvilli(taste hairs) r stimulated, an impulse is triggered on a nearby nerve fiber. Impulses from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue travel along the facial nerve; impulses from the posterior 1/3 travel along the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Taste buds

38
Q

Olfactory neurons pass through the foramina in the ethmoid bone and enter the olfactory bulb of the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve 1). Here they synapse w/association neurons that conduct the impulses to this area in the temporal lobe where they r interpreted

A

Olfactory cortex

39
Q

Inflammation of the eye’s sebaceous glands

A

Stye

40
Q

Functions: they moisten, lubricate and cleanse the anterior surface of the eye and contain an enzyme(lysozyme) that helps destroy bacteria and prevent infections

They r produced by the lacrimal glands and flow through lacrimal ducts and across the surface of the eye 2 the medial side, where they drain in2 2 small lacrimal canals. They then flow in2 the lacrimal sac and then in2 the nasolacrimal duct, which opens in2 the nasal cavity

A

Tears

41
Q

The white part of the eye

Covers the posterior 5/6th’s of the eyeball and the muscles that move the eye r attached 2 it

A

Sclera

42
Q

Refers 2 when the suspensory ligaments relax and the lens bulges(becomes more convex) 2 allow focusing 4 close
vision

When this is relaxed, the suspensory ligaments r taut and the lens is flat allowing 4 distance vision

A

Ciliary muscle contractions

43
Q

A type of photoreceptor cells located in a layer of the retina

They r thin cells w/slender, rodlike projections and r sensitive 2 dim light

They r more numerous than the other type of photoreceptor in the eye but they r absent in the fovea centralis and their number increases proportionately 2 the distance away from the fovea centralis.

Many of them synapse w/a single sensory fiber which causes them 2 lack fine detail. They also function 2 c black and white, dim vision and night vision

They contain a substance called rhodopsin

A

Rods

44
Q

Where the optic nerve penetrates and passes through the retina layers

It does NOT contain photoreceptors so it is referred 2 as the blind spot of the eye1

A

Optic disk

45
Q

A type of photoreceptor cells that control visual acuity and color vision and r located in the fovea centralis of the retina

They r thicker cells w/short blunt projections that converge less than the other type of photoreceptor in the eye so they provide color and sharp images w/fine detail

3 types each w/a different type of pigment: all these pigments contain retinal but the protein portion is different

  • green light
  • blue light
  • red light

Perceived color depends on the quantity and the combinations of light receptors stimulated. If all colors r stimulated-u c white; if no colors r stimulated-u c black

A

Cones

46
Q

A waxy substance produced in the ears which help prevent foreign objects from reaching the eardrum

A

Cerumen

47
Q

A structure of the ear consisting of an auricle and the external auditory canal which ends at the tympanic membrane

Auricle collects sound waves and conducts them towards the auditory canal

The skin that lines the auditory canal contains hairs and ceruminous glands; ceruminous gland secretes cerumen in order to protect the eardrum from foreign particles

A

External ear

48
Q

A structure of the ear that is an air-filled cavity that contains the tympanic membrane, an auditory/Eustachian tube and the auditory ossicles

A

Middle ear

49
Q

An air filled tube that is part of the middle ear

Connects the middle ear w/the throat

Purpose is 2 equalize the pressure from the outside air and the middle ear cavity

A

Eustachian tube

Auditory tube

50
Q

A structure of the ear consisting of a series of interconnecting chambers in the temporal bone

It is divided in2 the vestibule, semicircular canals and the cochlea.

A

Inner ear

51
Q

Detected by the organ of Corti that vibrates in response 2 the sound and sensitivity of the hair cells w/in the ear

A

Pitch

52
Q

Determined by the intensity of the sound waves

A

Loudness

53
Q

Sequence of events:
1) tympanic membrane vibrates in response 2 sound waves
2) the auditory ossicles, the malleus, incus and stapes, transfer
vibrations 2 the oval window membrane
3) movement in the oval window causes starts up oscillations in the
cochlea
4) cochlea movement causes hair on hair cells to bend and rub
against the tectorial membrane
5) bending of hairs stimulates impulses
6) impulses r transmitted 2 the auditory cortex of the temporal
lobe by the cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII;
vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Initiation of auditory impulses

54
Q

A type of equilibrium that is involved in evaluating the position of the head in relation 2 gravity; occurs when the head is motionless or moving in a straight line

Contains otoliths

A

Static equilibrium

55
Q

A type of equilibrium that is involved in evaluating the position of the head in relation 2 gravity; occurs when the head is moving in a rotational or angular direction

Contains the crista ampullaris

A

Dynamic equilibrium

Today's Medical Assistant (46 decks)

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