CH # 10: The Senses Flashcards by Mary Best

Mechanism that allows the eye to focus at various distances, primary achieved by changing the curvature of the lens

Accommodation

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The eyeball

Bulbous oculi

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A sensory receptor that detects the presence of chemicals; responsible 4 taste, smell and monitoring of the concentration of certain chemicals in body fluids

Stimulus: changes in chemical concentration of substances

Chemoreceptor

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Spiral or snail-shaped portion of the inner ear

Encloses the organ of Corti which contain the receptors 4 sound

Cochlea

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Receptor organ located w/in the ampulla of the semicircular canals; functions in dynamic equilibrium

Crista ampullaris

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Senses that r located throughout the body; somatic senses

General senses

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Sense of taste

Gustatory sense

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The structures that produce and convey tears

Lacrimal apparatus

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Yellowish depression on the retina

Macula lutea

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Sensory receptors that respond 2 a bending or deformation of the cells; located throughout the skin

Examples: receptors 4 touch, pressure, hearing and equilibrium

Stimulus: changes in pressure or movement in fluids

3 types: free nerve endings, Meissner corpuscles and pacinian corpuscles

Mechanoreceptors

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Sensory receptors that respond 2 tissue damage; pain receptors

Stimulus: tissue damage

These receptors do NOT adapt and may continue to send signals after the stimulus has been removed

Nociceptors

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A type of chemoreceptor that gives us a sense of smell

They r concentrated on the superior region of the nasal cavity and have long cilia that extend 2 the surface and project in2 the nasal cavity. The cilia r considered 2 b the sensitive receptors

Stimulated by chemicals dissolved in liquids

Olfactory neurons

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Little stones of calcium carbonate in the macular of the inner ear

Otoliths

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Sensory receptors that sense light; located in the retina of the eye

Stimulus: light energy

Photoreceptors

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The sense of body position and movements; responds 2 stimuli originating w/in an organism or muscle

Golgi tendon organs(the junction of a tendon w/a muscle) and muscle spindles(located in skeletal muscles) r impoprtant mechanoreceptors 4 this

Proprioception

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The bending of light as it passes from 1 medium 2 another so they can focus the image on the retina(up side down)

When light hits a concave surface; they scatter or diverge
When light hits a convex surface; they get closer together or converge

The closer the object, the more the light rays have 2 bend 2 focus and the greater the curvature of the lens

Refraction

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A photosensitive pigment in the rods; the greater the concentration-the greater the sensitivity 2 light

A substance that is very light sensitive. When light hits this, it is broken down in2 it’s components: opsin(a protein) and retinal(derivative of vitamin A)

Rhodopsin

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Phenomenon in which some receptors responds when a stimulus is 1st applied but decreases w/prolonged stimulation

Sensory adaptation

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Senses w/receptors localized in a particular area; taste, smell, vision and hearing

Special senses

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Sensory receptors that detect changes in temperature and show rapid sensory adaption

Located immediately under the skin and r widely distributed throughout the body. Highest concentration is in the lips and least concentration is in the broad surfaces of the trunk

Stimulus: heat and cold (10X’s more cold receptors then heat receptors) extreme temperatures can stimulate pain receptors

Thermoreceptors

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5 types; the basis 4 these types is the type of stimulus 2
which they r sensitive or have a low threshold
-chemoreceptor
-mechanoreceptors
-nociceptors
-thermoreceptors
-photoreceptors

Sense receptors

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This only occurs after impulses have been interpreted by the brain

Steps involved:
1-there must b a stimulus
2-a receptor must detect a stimulus and create an action potential
3-the action potential(impulse) must b conducted 2 the CNS
4-w/in the CNS, the impulse must b translated in2 information
5-information must b interpreted in the CNS in2 an awareness or perception of the stimulus

Perceived sensation

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1 of 3 types of mechanoreceptors

Referred 2 as lamellae corpuscles because several layers of connective tissue surround the nerve endings. Heavy pressure is needed 2 stimulation

Common in deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues, tendons and ligaments

Pacinian corpuscles

A type of chemoreceptor localized in the mouth region, on the surface of the tongue and is considered the organ of taste

Made up of specialized epithelial cells called gustatory cells or taste cells interspersed w/supporting cells and nerve fibers

4 different sensation types: salty, sweet, sour and bitter

When the microvilli(taste hairs) r stimulated, an impulse is triggered on a nearby nerve fiber. Impulses from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue travel along the facial nerve; impulses from the posterior 1/3 travel along the glossopharyngeal nerve

Taste buds

Olfactory neurons pass through the foramina in the ethmoid bone and enter the olfactory bulb of the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve 1). Here they synapse w/association neurons that conduct the impulses to this area in the temporal lobe where they r interpreted

Olfactory cortex

Inflammation of the eye's sebaceous glands

Stye

Functions: they moisten, lubricate and cleanse the anterior surface of the eye and contain an enzyme(lysozyme) that helps destroy bacteria and prevent infections They r produced by the lacrimal glands and flow through lacrimal ducts and across the surface of the eye 2 the medial side, where they drain in2 2 small lacrimal canals. They then flow in2 the lacrimal sac and then in2 the nasolacrimal duct, which opens in2 the nasal cavity

Tears

The white part of the eye Covers the posterior 5/6th's of the eyeball and the muscles that move the eye r attached 2 it

Sclera

Refers 2 when the suspensory ligaments relax and the lens bulges(becomes more convex) 2 allow focusing 4 close vision When this is relaxed, the suspensory ligaments r taut and the lens is flat allowing 4 distance vision

Ciliary muscle contractions

A type of photoreceptor cells located in a layer of the retina They r thin cells w/slender, rodlike projections and r sensitive 2 dim light They r more numerous than the other type of photoreceptor in the eye but they r absent in the fovea centralis and their number increases proportionately 2 the distance away from the fovea centralis. Many of them synapse w/a single sensory fiber which causes them 2 lack fine detail. They also function 2 c black and white, dim vision and night vision They contain a substance called rhodopsin

Rods

Where the optic nerve penetrates and passes through the retina layers It does NOT contain photoreceptors so it is referred 2 as the blind spot of the eye1

Optic disk

A type of photoreceptor cells that control visual acuity and color vision and r located in the fovea centralis of the retina They r thicker cells w/short blunt projections that converge less than the other type of photoreceptor in the eye so they provide color and sharp images w/fine detail 3 types each w/a different type of pigment: all these pigments contain retinal but the protein portion is different - green light - blue light - red light Perceived color depends on the quantity and the combinations of light receptors stimulated. If all colors r stimulated-u c white; if no colors r stimulated-u c black

Cones

A waxy substance produced in the ears which help prevent foreign objects from reaching the eardrum

Cerumen

5 types; the basis 4 these types is the type of stimulus 2 which they r sensitive or have a low threshold -chemoreceptor -mechanoreceptors -nociceptors -thermoreceptors -photoreceptors

Sense receptors

This only occurs after impulses have been interpreted by the brain Steps involved: 1-there must b a stimulus 2-a receptor must detect a stimulus and create an action potential 3-the action potential(impulse) must b conducted 2 the CNS 4-w/in the CNS, the impulse must b translated in2 information 5-information must b interpreted in the CNS in2 an awareness or perception of the stimulus

Perceived sensation

1 of 3 types of mechanoreceptors Referred 2 as lamellae corpuscles because several layers of connective tissue surround the nerve endings. Heavy pressure is needed 2 stimulation Common in deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues, tendons and ligaments

Pacinian corpuscles

A type of chemoreceptor localized in the mouth region, on the surface of the tongue and is considered the organ of taste Made up of specialized epithelial cells called gustatory cells or taste cells interspersed w/supporting cells and nerve fibers 4 different sensation types: salty, sweet, sour and bitter When the microvilli(taste hairs) r stimulated, an impulse is triggered on a nearby nerve fiber. Impulses from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue travel along the facial nerve; impulses from the posterior 1/3 travel along the glossopharyngeal nerve

Taste buds

Olfactory cortex

Inflammation of the eye's sebaceous glands

Stye

Tears

The white part of the eye Covers the posterior 5/6th's of the eyeball and the muscles that move the eye r attached 2 it

Sclera

Ciliary muscle contractions

Rods

Where the optic nerve penetrates and passes through the retina layers It does NOT contain photoreceptors so it is referred 2 as the blind spot of the eye1

Optic disk

Cones

A waxy substance produced in the ears which help prevent foreign objects from reaching the eardrum

Cerumen

A structure of the ear consisting of an auricle and the external auditory canal which ends at the tympanic membrane Auricle collects sound waves and conducts them towards the auditory canal The skin that lines the auditory canal contains hairs and ceruminous glands; ceruminous gland secretes cerumen in order to protect the eardrum from foreign particles

External ear

A structure of the ear that is an air-filled cavity that contains the tympanic membrane, an auditory/Eustachian tube and the auditory ossicles

Middle ear

An air filled tube that is part of the middle ear Connects the middle ear w/the throat Purpose is 2 equalize the pressure from the outside air and the middle ear cavity

Eustachian tube Auditory tube

A structure of the ear consisting of a series of interconnecting chambers in the temporal bone It is divided in2 the vestibule, semicircular canals and the cochlea.

Inner ear

Detected by the organ of Corti that vibrates in response 2 the sound and sensitivity of the hair cells w/in the ear

Pitch

Determined by the intensity of the sound waves

Loudness

Sequence of events: 1) tympanic membrane vibrates in response 2 sound waves 2) the auditory ossicles, the malleus, incus and stapes, transfer vibrations 2 the oval window membrane 3) movement in the oval window causes starts up oscillations in the cochlea 4) cochlea movement causes hair on hair cells to bend and rub against the tectorial membrane 5) bending of hairs stimulates impulses 6) impulses r transmitted 2 the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe by the cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; vestibulocochlear nerve

Initiation of auditory impulses

A type of equilibrium that is involved in evaluating the position of the head in relation 2 gravity; occurs when the head is motionless or moving in a straight line Contains otoliths

Static equilibrium

A type of equilibrium that is involved in evaluating the position of the head in relation 2 gravity; occurs when the head is moving in a rotational or angular direction Contains the crista ampullaris

Dynamic equilibrium