CH # 5: Introduction To Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards by Mary Best

Process that moves substances across or through a membrane and requires cellular energy.

Active transport

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Standard reference for the body

Anatomic position

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Efferent process of a neuron

Axon

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Cartilage cell

Chondrocyte

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Strong and flexible connective tissue fibers that contain the protein collagen

Collagenous fibers

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A type of epithelial membrane; skin.

Cutaneous membrane

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Division of the cell at the end of mitosis 2 form 2 separate daughter cells.

Cytokinesis

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Treelike processes of a neuron; efferent processes.

Dendrites

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Movement of substances from a region of high concentration 2 a region of low concentration

Diffusion

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Yellow connective tissue fibers that are not particularly strong but can b stretched and will return 2 their normal shape when released

Elastic fibers

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Red blood cell

Erythrocytes

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Connective tissue cell produces fibers

Fibroblast

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Branch of microscopic anatomy that studies tissues

Histology

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A normal stable condition in which the body’s internal environment remains the same; constant internal environment

Homeostasis

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Study of human body shape and structure and the relationships of it’s parts

Human anatomy

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Study of the functions of humans and their separate parts

Human physiology

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White blood cells

Leukocytes

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Large phagocytic connective tissue cell that functions in the immune response

Macrophage

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Connective tissue cell that produces heparin and histamine

Mast cell

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Type of nuclear division in which the number found in a body cell; results in the formation of an egg or sperm

Meiosis

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Connective tissue membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord

Meninges

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Process by which the nucleus of a body cell divides 2 form 2 new cells; each identical 2 the parent cell

Mitosis

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Epithelial membrane that lines the body cavities that open directly 2 the exterior; secretes mucus

Mucous membrane

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A mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

Negative feedback

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Supporting cells of nervous tissue; cells in nervous tissue that do not conduct impulses; nerve "glue"

Neuroglia

Nerve cell, including it's processes; conducting cell of nervous tissue

Neuron

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Osmosis

Mature bone cell

Osteocyte

Process that moves substances across or through a membrane and does not require cellular energy

Passive transport

Membrane that surrounds the heart

Pericardium

Serous membrane associated with abdominopelvic cavity

Peritoneum

Condition of cell eating; a form of endocytosis in which solid particles are taken in2 the cell

Phagocytosis

Condition of cell drinking; a form of endocytosis in which fluid droplets are taken in2 the cell

Pinocytosis

Serous membrane that surrounds the lungs

Pleura

Epithelial membrane that lines closed body cavities

Serous membrane

Membrane that lines the cavities of freely moving joints

Synovial membrane

A formed element of the blood that functions in blood clotting; platelet

Thrombocyte

Group of similar cells specialized 2 perform a certain function

Tissue

How all the parts, from tiny cells 2 visible organs, work together to make a functioning whole 6 levels: - chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - body system - total organism

Levels of organization

1 of 6 levels of organization Interactions of the atoms and their combinations in2 molecules

Chemical level

1 of 6 levels of organization The basic living units of all organisms About 75 trillion in the human body

Cells

1 of 6 levels of organization Cells w/similar structure and function r grouped together as these 4 types: - epithelial - connective - muscle - nervous

Tissues

1 of 6 levels of organization 2 or more tissue types that form a more complex structure and work together 2 perform 1 or more functions

Organs

1 of 6 levels of organization Consists of several organs that work together to accomplish a set of functions

Body systems

1 of 6 levels of organization Made up of several systems that work together 2 maintain life

Total organism

The human body has 11 of them: - integumentary - skeletal - muscular - lymphatic - digestive - respiratory - nervous - endocrine - cardiovascular - urinary - reproductive Each have specific functions, are interrelated and work together 2 sustain life

Organ systems

1 of 11 organ systems of the body Includes: skin, hair, nails, sweat, sebaceous glands Covers and protects the body, regulates temperature, protects against water loss, contains sense receptors, synthesizes chemicals 2 b used in other parts of the body

Integumentary system

1 of 11 organ systems of the body Includes: bones, cartilage, joints w/ligament and cartilage that bind bones together Provides body framework and support, protects, attaches muscles 2 bones, provides calcium storage Bone morrow w/in bones create blood

Skeletal system

1 of 11 organ systems of the body Includes: muscles Produces movement, maintains posture, primary source of heat, can store energy in the form of glycogen

Muscular system

1 of 11 organ systems of the body Includes: lymph, lymph vessels, lymphoid organs Returns tissue fluid 2 the blood, defends against disease Sometimes considered 2 b part of the cardiovascular system

Lymphatic system

1 of 11 organ systems of the body Includes: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines Accessory organs include: pancreas, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder Ingests and digests food, absorbs nutrients in2 blood

Digestive system

1 of 11 organ systems of the body Includes: air passageways(nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi) and lungs Exchanges gases between blood and the external environment

Respiratory system

1 of 11 organ systems of the body Includes: brain, spinel cord, nerves, sense receptors Coordinates body activities, receives and transmits stimuli

Nervous system

1 of 11 organ systems of the body Includes: all ductless glands that produce hormones Regulates metabolic activities and body chemistry

Endocrine system

1 of 11 organ systems of the body Includes: heart, blood vessels, blood Transports material from 1 part of the body 2 another, defends against disease

Cardiovascular system

1 of 11 organ systems of the body Includes: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Excretes metabolic wastes, regulates fluid balance and acid-base balance

Urinary system

1 of 11 organ systems of the body Includes: testes, ovaries, accessory structures Forms new individuals 2 provide continuation of the human species

Reproductive system

A directional term Means that a part is above another part or closer 2 the head Opposite: inferior

Superior

A directional term Means a part is below another part or closer 2 the feet Opposite: superior

Inferior

A directional term Means toward the front surface Opposite: posterior

Anterior / Ventral

A directional term Means it's towards the back Opposite: anterior/ventral

Posterior

A directional term Towards or nearer the midline of the body Opposite: laterial

Medial

A directional term Means toward or nearer the side Opposite: medial

Lateral

A directional term Means that a part is closer 2 a point of attachment or closer 2 the trunk of the body Opposite: distal

Proximal

A directional term Means that a part is farther away from a point of attachment Opposite: proximal

Distal

A directional term Means that a part is located on or near the surface Opposite: deep

Superficial

A directional term Means that a part is away from the surface Opposite: superficial

Deep

A directional term Means it pertains to the organs or the coverings of the organs Opposite: parietal

Visceral

A directional term Means it refers 2 the wall of a body cavity Opposite: visceral

Parietal

2 names for 1 of 3 body planes Refers 2 a lengthwise cut that divides the body in2 right and left portions

Sagittal plane Longitudinal section

2 names for 1 of 3 body planes Refers 2 a cut across the body horizontally 2 divide it in2 superior and inferior sections

Transverse plane Horizontal plane

2 names for 1 of 3 body planes Refers 2 a cut that divides the body in2 anterior and posterior sections

Frontal plane Coronal plane

Spaces w/in the body that contain internal organs or viscera 2 main ones are: dorsal and ventral

Body cavities

1 of 2 main types of body cavities Divided in2 the cranial cavity and the spinel cavity

Dorsal cavity

1 of 2 main types of body cavities Divided in2: thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

Ventral cavity

Part of the dorsal cavity Contains the brain

Cranial cavity

Part of the dorsal cavity Contains the spinel cord

Spinel cavity

Part of the ventral cavity Contains: heart, lungs, esophagus and trachea

Thoracic cavity

Part of the ventral cavity Divided in2: superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

1 part of the abdominopelvic cavity Contains: stomach, gallbladder, spleen, liver and most of the intestines

Abdominal cavity

1 part of the abdominopelvic cavity Contains: portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs

Pelvic cavity