CH # 5: Introduction To Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Process that moves substances across or through a membrane and requires cellular energy.
Active transport
Standard reference for the body
Anatomic position
Efferent process of a neuron
Axon
Cartilage cell
Chondrocyte
Strong and flexible connective tissue fibers that contain the protein collagen
Collagenous fibers
A type of epithelial membrane; skin.
Cutaneous membrane
Division of the cell at the end of mitosis 2 form 2 separate daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
Treelike processes of a neuron; efferent processes.
Dendrites
Movement of substances from a region of high concentration 2 a region of low concentration
Diffusion
Yellow connective tissue fibers that are not particularly strong but can b stretched and will return 2 their normal shape when released
Elastic fibers
Red blood cell
Erythrocytes
Connective tissue cell produces fibers
Fibroblast
Branch of microscopic anatomy that studies tissues
Histology
A normal stable condition in which the body’s internal environment remains the same; constant internal environment
Homeostasis
Study of human body shape and structure and the relationships of it’s parts
Human anatomy
Study of the functions of humans and their separate parts
Human physiology
White blood cells
Leukocytes
Large phagocytic connective tissue cell that functions in the immune response
Macrophage
Connective tissue cell that produces heparin and histamine
Mast cell
Type of nuclear division in which the number found in a body cell; results in the formation of an egg or sperm
Meiosis
Connective tissue membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord
Meninges
Process by which the nucleus of a body cell divides 2 form 2 new cells; each identical 2 the parent cell
Mitosis
Epithelial membrane that lines the body cavities that open directly 2 the exterior; secretes mucus
Mucous membrane
A mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus
Negative feedback
Supporting cells of nervous tissue; cells in nervous tissue that do not conduct impulses; nerve “glue”
Neuroglia
Nerve cell, including it’s processes; conducting cell of nervous tissue
Neuron
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
Mature bone cell
Osteocyte
Process that moves substances across or through a membrane and does not require cellular energy
Passive transport
Membrane that surrounds the heart
Pericardium
Serous membrane associated with abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneum
Condition of cell eating; a form of endocytosis in which solid particles are taken in2 the cell
Phagocytosis
Condition of cell drinking; a form of endocytosis in which fluid droplets are taken in2 the cell
Pinocytosis
Serous membrane that surrounds the lungs
Pleura
Epithelial membrane that lines closed body cavities
Serous membrane
Membrane that lines the cavities of freely moving joints
Synovial membrane
A formed element of the blood that functions in blood clotting; platelet
Thrombocyte
Group of similar cells specialized 2 perform a certain function
Tissue
How all the parts, from tiny cells 2 visible organs, work together to make a functioning whole
6 levels:
- chemical
- cellular
- tissue
- organ
- body system
- total organism
Levels of organization
1 of 6 levels of organization
Interactions of the atoms and their combinations in2 molecules
Chemical level
1 of 6 levels of organization
The basic living units of all organisms
About 75 trillion in the human body
Cells
1 of 6 levels of organization
Cells w/similar structure and function r grouped together as these
4 types:
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
Tissues
1 of 6 levels of organization
2 or more tissue types that form a more complex structure and work together 2 perform 1 or more functions
Organs
1 of 6 levels of organization
Consists of several organs that work together to accomplish a set of functions
Body systems
1 of 6 levels of organization
Made up of several systems that work together 2 maintain life
Total organism
The human body has 11 of them:
- integumentary
- skeletal
- muscular
- lymphatic
- digestive
- respiratory
- nervous
- endocrine
- cardiovascular
- urinary
- reproductive
Each have specific functions, are interrelated and work together 2 sustain life
Organ systems
1 of 11 organ systems of the body
Includes: skin, hair, nails, sweat, sebaceous glands
Covers and protects the body, regulates temperature, protects against water loss, contains sense receptors, synthesizes chemicals 2 b used in other parts of the body
Integumentary system
1 of 11 organ systems of the body
Includes: bones, cartilage, joints w/ligament and cartilage that bind bones together
Provides body framework and support, protects, attaches muscles 2 bones, provides calcium storage
Bone morrow w/in bones create blood
Skeletal system
1 of 11 organ systems of the body
Includes: muscles
Produces movement, maintains posture, primary source of heat, can store energy in the form of glycogen
Muscular system
1 of 11 organ systems of the body
Includes: lymph, lymph vessels, lymphoid organs
Returns tissue fluid 2 the blood, defends against disease
Sometimes considered 2 b part of the cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
1 of 11 organ systems of the body
Includes: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
Accessory organs include: pancreas, teeth, tongue, salivary
glands, liver, gallbladder
Ingests and digests food, absorbs nutrients in2 blood
Digestive system
1 of 11 organ systems of the body
Includes: air passageways(nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi) and lungs
Exchanges gases between blood and the external environment
Respiratory system
1 of 11 organ systems of the body
Includes: brain, spinel cord, nerves, sense receptors
Coordinates body activities, receives and transmits stimuli
Nervous system
1 of 11 organ systems of the body
Includes: all ductless glands that produce hormones
Regulates metabolic activities and body chemistry
Endocrine system
1 of 11 organ systems of the body
Includes: heart, blood vessels, blood
Transports material from 1 part of the body 2 another, defends against disease
Cardiovascular system
1 of 11 organ systems of the body
Includes: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Excretes metabolic wastes, regulates fluid balance and acid-base balance
Urinary system
1 of 11 organ systems of the body
Includes: testes, ovaries, accessory structures
Forms new individuals 2 provide continuation of the human species
Reproductive system
A directional term
Means that a part is above another part or closer 2 the head
Opposite: inferior
Superior
A directional term
Means a part is below another part or closer 2 the feet
Opposite: superior
Inferior
A directional term
Means toward the front surface
Opposite: posterior
Anterior / Ventral
A directional term
Means it’s towards the back
Opposite: anterior/ventral
Posterior
A directional term
Towards or nearer the midline of the body
Opposite: laterial
Medial
A directional term
Means toward or nearer the side
Opposite: medial
Lateral
A directional term
Means that a part is closer 2 a point of attachment or closer 2 the trunk of the body
Opposite: distal
Proximal
A directional term
Means that a part is farther away from a point of attachment
Opposite: proximal
Distal
A directional term
Means that a part is located on or near the surface
Opposite: deep
Superficial
A directional term
Means that a part is away from the surface
Opposite: superficial
Deep
A directional term
Means it pertains to the organs or the coverings of the organs
Opposite: parietal
Visceral
A directional term
Means it refers 2 the wall of a body cavity
Opposite: visceral
Parietal
2 names for 1 of 3 body planes
Refers 2 a lengthwise cut that divides the body in2 right and left portions
Sagittal plane
Longitudinal section
2 names for 1 of 3 body planes
Refers 2 a cut across the body horizontally 2 divide it in2 superior and inferior sections
Transverse plane
Horizontal plane
2 names for 1 of 3 body planes
Refers 2 a cut that divides the body in2 anterior and posterior sections
Frontal plane
Coronal plane
Spaces w/in the body that contain internal organs or viscera
2 main ones are: dorsal and ventral
Body cavities
1 of 2 main types of body cavities
Divided in2 the cranial cavity and the spinel cavity
Dorsal cavity
1 of 2 main types of body cavities
Divided in2: thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
Ventral cavity
Part of the dorsal cavity
Contains the brain
Cranial cavity
Part of the dorsal cavity
Contains the spinel cord
Spinel cavity
Part of the ventral cavity
Contains: heart, lungs, esophagus and trachea
Thoracic cavity
Part of the ventral cavity
Divided in2: superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
1 part of the abdominopelvic cavity
Contains: stomach, gallbladder, spleen, liver and most of the intestines
Abdominal cavity
1 part of the abdominopelvic cavity
Contains: portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs
Pelvic cavity
