CH # 8: Muscular System Flashcards
A neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine
An enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
A broad flat sheet of connective tissue that connects 1 muscle 2 another
Aponeurosis
The ability of tissue 2 return 2 its original shape after contraction or extension
Elasticity
Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds a whole muscle
Provides a passage way 4 blood vessels and nerves
Supports and protects the contained muscle 2 w/stand the forces of contraction
Epimysium
2 names 4 the ability of muscle and nerve tissue 2 recieve and respond 2 stimuli
Excitability
Irritability
The ability of muscle tissue 2 stretched when pulled
Extensibility
The end of a muscle that is attached 2 a relatively moveable part
The end opposite the origin
Insertion
A single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates
Motor unit
2 names 4 the area of communication between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber
Neuromuscular junction
Myoneural junction
A chemical substance that is released at the axon terminals 2 stimulate a muscle fiber contraction or an impulse in another neuron
Neurotransmitter
The end of a muscle that is attached 2 a relatively immovable part
The end opposite the insertion
Origin
2 names 4 the muscle that is mainly responsible 4 a particular body movement
Prime mover
Agonist
The membrane covering of a muscle cell
Sarcolemma
Cytoplasm of a muscle cell
Sarcoplasm
Muscles that support a prime mover but r not capable of producing the movement by themselves
2 or more muscles work together 2 produce a movemet
Synergist
A type of muscle tissue
- location: attached 2 bone
- function: produces body movement
- cell shape: cylindric
- number of nuclei: many
- striations: present
- type of control: voluntary
Skeletal muscles
A type of muscle tissue
- location: walls of internal organs and blood vessels
- function: contraction of viscera and blood vessels
- cell shape: spindle-shaped (tapered ends)
- number of nuclei: 1
- striations: absent
- type of control: involuntary
Visceral muscle tissues
A type of muscle tissue
- location: heart
- function: pumps blood through heart and blood vessels
- cell shape: cylindric and branching
- number of nuclei: 1
- striations: present
- type of control: voluntary
Cardiac muscle tissues
Fulfills 4 important functions:
1) movement
2) posture
3) joint stability
4) heat production
Muscle contractions
Skeletal muscles r stimulated 2 contract by special nerve cells called?
Motor neurons
The name 4 the fluid-filled space between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma
Synaptic cleft (gap)
When a nerve impulse reaches an axon terminal , ACh is released. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds w/the receptor sites on the sarcolemma. This causes the microfilaments 2 slide across 1 another resulting in contraction
Sliding filament theory of contraction
A unique high-energy compound that is stored in muscles which provides almost instantaneous regeneration of ATP
Creatine phosphate
These become the primary source 4 muscles that r actively contracting 4 extended periods of time.
Fatty acids and glucose
This process causes fatty acids and glucose 2 b broken down in the mitochondria
Aerobic respirition
This process is when glucose is broken down 2 provide energy 2 muscles that r vigorously contracting 4 long periods of time. This happens because the circulatory system isn’t able 2 deliver enough oxygen 2 muscles
Anaerobic respiration
Muscle name meaning huge
Vastus
Consists of 2 muscles on both sides of the neck
Origin is on the sternum and clavicle-Insertation is on the mastoid process
When these muscles contract together, the neck is flexed and the head is bent towards the chest
When 1 muscle contracts, the head turns toward the direction opposite the side that is contracting
Ex.Left contracts=head turns right
Right contracts=head turns left
Sternocleidomastoid
Means 2 bend
Bringing 2 bone together which decreases the angle between them
Ex. Bending the elbow or the knee
Flexion
Means 2 straighten
It increases the angle between 2 bones
Ex.straightening the elbow or the knee after it has been flexed
Extension
Means 2 take away
2 move a bone or limb away from the midline or axis of the body
Ex. -Outward movement of the legs during jumping jacks
- Moving the arms away from the body
- Spreading the fingers apart
Abduction
Means 2 bring together
2 move a bone or limb toward the midline of the body
Ex. -bringing the arms back 2 the sides of the body
-moving the legs back 2 the anatomical position
Adduction
A muscle used 4 facial expression
A sphincter that lies around the eye
Movement causes winking, blinking and squinting
Orbicularis oculi
A muscle of mastication
It is located along the ramus of the mandible and is a synergist of the temporalis
Masseter
Muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement
Ex. The muscles responsible 4 flexing and straightening the arm at the elbow r described as being this 2 one anotherq
Antagonist muscles
A muscle that is the primary extender of the forearm and the only muscle in the posterior compartment
Triceps brachii
A muscle that is the primary extender of the forearm and located in the anterior muscle compartment
Biceps brachii
Includes 4 muscles on the anterior and lateral side of the thigh. As a group, they r the primary extensors of the leg, straightening at the knee.
Includes 4 muscles:
- vastus lateralis
- vastus intermedius
- vastus medialis
- rectus femoris
Quadriceps femoris
The primary function of muscle fibers
Contraction
2 names for a muscle that is the plantor flexors of the foot
Sometimes they r referred 2 as toe dancer’s muscles because they allow 1 to stand on tiptoe
They r connected 2 muscles in the lower leg
Calcaneal tendon
Achilles tendon
A domed-shaped muscle that forms the partition between the thorax and the abdomen. It has 3 openings in it 2 allow structures 2 pass through.
Responsible 4 the major movement in the thoracic cavity during quiet, relaxed breathing. It contracts 2 flatten triggering inspiration then relaxes triggering exspiration
Diaphragm
A chemical that stores chemical energy w/in the cell and sends this energy 2 the muscles 4 contraction
It is depleted in about 6 seconds and must b regenerated 4 continued contraction of the muscles.
Creatine phosphate provides almost instantious regeneration of it 4 about 10 seconds. When the creatine stores become depleted, the body metabolizes glucose and fatty acids 2 produce more 4 sustained contractions
Adenosine triphosphate
ATP
They contract 2 elevate the ribs during inspiration
External intercostal muscles
A major muscle in the anterior compartment of the lower leg
It is connected 2 the calcaneal tendon
Gastrocnemius
Regarded as a contractile unit of a myofibril that contains the smallest functional structures and molecules essential 4 muscle contraction
Sacromere
2 important proteins that form thin and thick filaments that r arranged in a way that they r partly overlapping and may slide past each other during contraction
Actin (thin)
Myocin (thick)
A muscle that is made up of long fibers, alternating light and dark bands. This appearance is due 2 a number of sarcomeres; overlapping thick(myosin) and thin(actin) filaments
Striated muscles
There r 3 types of muscle tissue but only 1 type is under voluntary control, namely?
Skeletal muscle
What type of muscle is found in the organs of the GI tract?
Smooth muscle
In what organ is cardiac muscle found?
Heart
What type of muscle is found in the arteries of the cardiovascular system?
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscles make up ______ % of body wieght
40 %
What body system is coordinated w/the muscular system?
Skeletal sytem
The muscle’s ability 2 receive and respond 2 a stimulus from the nervous system is?
Excitability
The muscle’s ability 2 shorten and contract 2 produce movement is?
Contractility
The muscle’s ability 2 b stretched or extended is?
Extensibility
The muscle’s ability 2 recoil or return 2 the original shape and length after contraction or extension is?
Elasticity
1 way 2 describe the excitability is 2 say the cells or tissues r?
On alert
Muscle contraction fulfills 4 functions in the body; movement, posture, joint stability and?
Heat production
______ % of the heat produced in the bosy is a result of muscle contraction.
85 %
The connective sheath that surrounds a muscle is called?
Epimysium
The connective outside the epimysium is the?
Fascia
The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds a fasciculus is the?
Perimysium
Each individual muscle cell is called a?
Muscle fiber
The connective that surrounds an individual muscle fiber (cell) is the?
Endomysium
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber/cell is called?
Sacroplasm
__________ is necessary 2 transmit the nerve impulses 2 tell muscle fibers 2 contract.
Calcium
Y do skeletal muscle cells have numerous mitochondria?
4 energy production
B4 a skeletal muscle can contract, it must receive a impulse from a?
Nerve cell
ATPis the chemical that produces energy w/in the muscle cell mitochondria. Energy production requires a constant supply of?
Nutrients and oxygen
Fibers of the epimysium 2 fuse directly w/the periosteum of a bone. This is called?
Direct attachment
Epimysium, perimysium and the endomysium have what type of skeletal muscle attachment?
Indirect attachment
“Vastus” translates 2?
Huge
“Maximus translates 2?
Large
“Longus” translates 2?
Long
“Minimus” translates 2?
Small
“Brevis” translates 2?
Short
In reference 2 shape, deltoid means?
Tirangular
In reference 2 shape, latissimus means?
Wide
In reference 2 shape, teres means?
Round
“Ceps” in a muscle name comes from the latin caput, meaning?
Head
What does quadriceps mean
4 heads
In reference 2 location, pectoralis means?
Chest
In reference 2 location, gluteus means?
Buttock
In reference 2 location, brachii means?
Arm
Which muscle has a origin on the sternum and clavicle and insertion on the mastoid process?
Sternocleidomastoid
Masseter is 2?
Chew
Which muscle raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the 4head?
Frontalis
Which muscle is used 2 close the mouth, form words and pucker the lips?
Orbicularis oris
Which muscle is used 2 compress the check when whistling, sucking and blowing air out is?
Buccinator
Which muscle extends the vertical column 2 maintain erect posture?
Erector spinae
4 the breathing process the external intercostal muscles r used 4?
Inspiration
The ___________ is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen.
Diaphragm
The __________ ___________ muscles r the most superficial lateral abdominal wall muscles
External oblique
What forms the floor of the pelvic cavity?
Pelvic diaphragm
Which muscle adducts, elevates and rotates the scapula as in shrugging the shoulders?
Trapezius
Which muscle adducts and rotates the arm medially and lowers the shoulder?
Latissimus dorsi
