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Today's Medical Assistant > CH # 8: Muscular System > Flashcards

CH # 8: Muscular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

A neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction

A

Acetylcholine

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2
Q

An enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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3
Q

A broad flat sheet of connective tissue that connects 1 muscle 2 another

A

Aponeurosis

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4
Q

The ability of tissue 2 return 2 its original shape after contraction or extension

A

Elasticity

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5
Q

Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds a whole muscle

Provides a passage way 4 blood vessels and nerves

Supports and protects the contained muscle 2 w/stand the forces of contraction

A

Epimysium

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6
Q

2 names 4 the ability of muscle and nerve tissue 2 recieve and respond 2 stimuli

A

Excitability

Irritability

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7
Q

The ability of muscle tissue 2 stretched when pulled

A

Extensibility

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8
Q

The end of a muscle that is attached 2 a relatively moveable part

The end opposite the origin

A

Insertion

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9
Q

A single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates

A

Motor unit

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10
Q

2 names 4 the area of communication between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

Myoneural junction

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11
Q

A chemical substance that is released at the axon terminals 2 stimulate a muscle fiber contraction or an impulse in another neuron

A

Neurotransmitter

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12
Q

The end of a muscle that is attached 2 a relatively immovable part

The end opposite the insertion

A

Origin

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13
Q

2 names 4 the muscle that is mainly responsible 4 a particular body movement

A

Prime mover

Agonist

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14
Q

The membrane covering of a muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma

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15
Q

Cytoplasm of a muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasm

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16
Q

Muscles that support a prime mover but r not capable of producing the movement by themselves

2 or more muscles work together 2 produce a movemet

A

Synergist

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17
Q

A type of muscle tissue

  • location: attached 2 bone
  • function: produces body movement
  • cell shape: cylindric
  • number of nuclei: many
  • striations: present
  • type of control: voluntary
A

Skeletal muscles

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18
Q

A type of muscle tissue

  • location: walls of internal organs and blood vessels
  • function: contraction of viscera and blood vessels
  • cell shape: spindle-shaped (tapered ends)
  • number of nuclei: 1
  • striations: absent
  • type of control: involuntary
A

Visceral muscle tissues

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19
Q

A type of muscle tissue

  • location: heart
  • function: pumps blood through heart and blood vessels
  • cell shape: cylindric and branching
  • number of nuclei: 1
  • striations: present
  • type of control: voluntary
A

Cardiac muscle tissues

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20
Q

Fulfills 4 important functions:

1) movement
2) posture
3) joint stability
4) heat production

A

Muscle contractions

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21
Q

Skeletal muscles r stimulated 2 contract by special nerve cells called?

A

Motor neurons

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22
Q

The name 4 the fluid-filled space between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma

A

Synaptic cleft (gap)

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23
Q

When a nerve impulse reaches an axon terminal , ACh is released. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds w/the receptor sites on the sarcolemma. This causes the microfilaments 2 slide across 1 another resulting in contraction

A

Sliding filament theory of contraction

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24
Q

A unique high-energy compound that is stored in muscles which provides almost instantaneous regeneration of ATP

A

Creatine phosphate

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25
Q

These become the primary source 4 muscles that r actively contracting 4 extended periods of time.

A

Fatty acids and glucose

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26
Q

This process causes fatty acids and glucose 2 b broken down in the mitochondria

A

Aerobic respirition

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27
Q

This process is when glucose is broken down 2 provide energy 2 muscles that r vigorously contracting 4 long periods of time. This happens because the circulatory system isn’t able 2 deliver enough oxygen 2 muscles

A

Anaerobic respiration

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28
Q

Muscle name meaning huge

A

Vastus

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29
Q

Consists of 2 muscles on both sides of the neck

Origin is on the sternum and clavicle-Insertation is on the mastoid process

When these muscles contract together, the neck is flexed and the head is bent towards the chest

When 1 muscle contracts, the head turns toward the direction opposite the side that is contracting
Ex.Left contracts=head turns right
Right contracts=head turns left

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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30
Q

Means 2 bend

Bringing 2 bone together which decreases the angle between them

Ex. Bending the elbow or the knee

A

Flexion

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31
Q

Means 2 straighten

It increases the angle between 2 bones

Ex.straightening the elbow or the knee after it has been flexed

A

Extension

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32
Q

Means 2 take away

2 move a bone or limb away from the midline or axis of the body

Ex. -Outward movement of the legs during jumping jacks

    - Moving the arms away from the body
    - Spreading the fingers apart
A

Abduction

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33
Q

Means 2 bring together

2 move a bone or limb toward the midline of the body

Ex. -bringing the arms back 2 the sides of the body
-moving the legs back 2 the anatomical position

A

Adduction

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34
Q

A muscle used 4 facial expression

A sphincter that lies around the eye

Movement causes winking, blinking and squinting

A

Orbicularis oculi

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35
Q

A muscle of mastication

It is located along the ramus of the mandible and is a synergist of the temporalis

A

Masseter

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36
Q

Muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement

Ex. The muscles responsible 4 flexing and straightening the arm at the elbow r described as being this 2 one anotherq

A

Antagonist muscles

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37
Q

A muscle that is the primary extender of the forearm and the only muscle in the posterior compartment

A

Triceps brachii

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38
Q

A muscle that is the primary extender of the forearm and located in the anterior muscle compartment

A

Biceps brachii

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39
Q

Includes 4 muscles on the anterior and lateral side of the thigh. As a group, they r the primary extensors of the leg, straightening at the knee.

Includes 4 muscles:

  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus intermedius
  • vastus medialis
  • rectus femoris
A

Quadriceps femoris

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40
Q

The primary function of muscle fibers

A

Contraction

41
Q

2 names for a muscle that is the plantor flexors of the foot

Sometimes they r referred 2 as toe dancer’s muscles because they allow 1 to stand on tiptoe

They r connected 2 muscles in the lower leg

A

Calcaneal tendon

Achilles tendon

42
Q

A domed-shaped muscle that forms the partition between the thorax and the abdomen. It has 3 openings in it 2 allow structures 2 pass through.

Responsible 4 the major movement in the thoracic cavity during quiet, relaxed breathing. It contracts 2 flatten triggering inspiration then relaxes triggering exspiration

A

Diaphragm

43
Q

A chemical that stores chemical energy w/in the cell and sends this energy 2 the muscles 4 contraction

It is depleted in about 6 seconds and must b regenerated 4 continued contraction of the muscles.

Creatine phosphate provides almost instantious regeneration of it 4 about 10 seconds. When the creatine stores become depleted, the body metabolizes glucose and fatty acids 2 produce more 4 sustained contractions

A

Adenosine triphosphate

ATP

44
Q

They contract 2 elevate the ribs during inspiration

A

External intercostal muscles

45
Q

A major muscle in the anterior compartment of the lower leg

It is connected 2 the calcaneal tendon

A

Gastrocnemius

46
Q

Regarded as a contractile unit of a myofibril that contains the smallest functional structures and molecules essential 4 muscle contraction

A

Sacromere

47
Q

2 important proteins that form thin and thick filaments that r arranged in a way that they r partly overlapping and may slide past each other during contraction

A

Actin (thin)

Myocin (thick)

48
Q

A muscle that is made up of long fibers, alternating light and dark bands. This appearance is due 2 a number of sarcomeres; overlapping thick(myosin) and thin(actin) filaments

A

Striated muscles

49
Q

There r 3 types of muscle tissue but only 1 type is under voluntary control, namely?

A

Skeletal muscle

50
Q

What type of muscle is found in the organs of the GI tract?

A

Smooth muscle

51
Q

In what organ is cardiac muscle found?

A

Heart

52
Q

What type of muscle is found in the arteries of the cardiovascular system?

A

Smooth muscle

53
Q

Skeletal muscles make up ______ % of body wieght

A

40 %

54
Q

What body system is coordinated w/the muscular system?

A

Skeletal sytem

55
Q

The muscle’s ability 2 receive and respond 2 a stimulus from the nervous system is?

A

Excitability

56
Q

The muscle’s ability 2 shorten and contract 2 produce movement is?

A

Contractility

57
Q

The muscle’s ability 2 b stretched or extended is?

A

Extensibility

58
Q

The muscle’s ability 2 recoil or return 2 the original shape and length after contraction or extension is?

A

Elasticity

59
Q

1 way 2 describe the excitability is 2 say the cells or tissues r?

A

On alert

60
Q

Muscle contraction fulfills 4 functions in the body; movement, posture, joint stability and?

A

Heat production

61
Q

______ % of the heat produced in the bosy is a result of muscle contraction.

A

85 %

62
Q

The connective sheath that surrounds a muscle is called?

A

Epimysium

63
Q

The connective outside the epimysium is the?

A

Fascia

64
Q

The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds a fasciculus is the?

A

Perimysium

65
Q

Each individual muscle cell is called a?

A

Muscle fiber

66
Q

The connective that surrounds an individual muscle fiber (cell) is the?

A

Endomysium

67
Q

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber/cell is called?

A

Sacroplasm

68
Q

__________ is necessary 2 transmit the nerve impulses 2 tell muscle fibers 2 contract.

A

Calcium

69
Q

Y do skeletal muscle cells have numerous mitochondria?

A

4 energy production

70
Q

B4 a skeletal muscle can contract, it must receive a impulse from a?

A

Nerve cell

71
Q

ATPis the chemical that produces energy w/in the muscle cell mitochondria. Energy production requires a constant supply of?

A

Nutrients and oxygen

72
Q

Fibers of the epimysium 2 fuse directly w/the periosteum of a bone. This is called?

A

Direct attachment

73
Q

Epimysium, perimysium and the endomysium have what type of skeletal muscle attachment?

A

Indirect attachment

74
Q

“Vastus” translates 2?

A

Huge

75
Q

“Maximus translates 2?

A

Large

76
Q

“Longus” translates 2?

A

Long

77
Q

“Minimus” translates 2?

A

Small

78
Q

“Brevis” translates 2?

A

Short

79
Q

In reference 2 shape, deltoid means?

A

Tirangular

80
Q

In reference 2 shape, latissimus means?

A

Wide

81
Q

In reference 2 shape, teres means?

A

Round

82
Q

“Ceps” in a muscle name comes from the latin caput, meaning?

A

Head

83
Q

What does quadriceps mean

A

4 heads

84
Q

In reference 2 location, pectoralis means?

A

Chest

85
Q

In reference 2 location, gluteus means?

A

Buttock

86
Q

In reference 2 location, brachii means?

A

Arm

87
Q

Which muscle has a origin on the sternum and clavicle and insertion on the mastoid process?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

88
Q

Masseter is 2?

A

Chew

89
Q

Which muscle raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the 4head?

A

Frontalis

90
Q

Which muscle is used 2 close the mouth, form words and pucker the lips?

A

Orbicularis oris

91
Q

Which muscle is used 2 compress the check when whistling, sucking and blowing air out is?

A

Buccinator

92
Q

Which muscle extends the vertical column 2 maintain erect posture?

A

Erector spinae

93
Q

4 the breathing process the external intercostal muscles r used 4?

A

Inspiration

94
Q

The ___________ is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen.

A

Diaphragm

95
Q

The __________ ___________ muscles r the most superficial lateral abdominal wall muscles

A

External oblique

96
Q

What forms the floor of the pelvic cavity?

A

Pelvic diaphragm

97
Q

Which muscle adducts, elevates and rotates the scapula as in shrugging the shoulders?

A

Trapezius

98
Q

Which muscle adducts and rotates the arm medially and lowers the shoulder?

A

Latissimus dorsi

Today's Medical Assistant (46 decks)

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