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CPT Class > Ch. 8 Exercise Metabolism And Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Exercise Metabolism And Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.

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2
Q

Bioenergetics

A

The study of energy in the human body.

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself.

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4
Q

Exercise metabolism

A

The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise.

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5
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but merely converted from one form to another.

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6
Q

Macronutrients

A

Food substances required in large amounts to supply energy and include protein, carbohydrate, and fat.

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7
Q

Substrates

A

Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.

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8
Q

Glucose

A

The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy

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9
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

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10
Q

Ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)

A

The point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources.

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11
Q

Ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)

A

The point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity.

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12
Q

Fats

A

One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. Fats help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body. In food, there are two types of fats: saturated and unsaturated.

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13
Q

Triglyceride

A

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.

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14
Q

Free fatty acids

A

The by-products of the breakdown of stored or consumed fats, metabolized exclusively via the aerobic pathway, which uses oxygen to create adenosine triphosphate.

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15
Q

Protein

A

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds; the building blocks of body tissues

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16
Q

Essential amino acid (EAA)

A

Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it; there are nine essential amino acids.

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17
Q

Ketone bodiesis the name collectively used to refer to three molecules. What are they?

A

acetone,
acetoacetic acid, and
beta-hydroxybutyric acid

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17
Q

Ketone bodiesis the name collectively used to refer to three molecules. What are they?

A

acetone,
acetoacetic acid, and
beta-hydroxybutyric acid

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18
Q

Nonessential amino acids

A

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet.

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19
Q

Negative energy balance

A

When calorie intake is lower than the number of calories expended

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20
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).

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21
Q

Ketogenesis

A

The formation of ketone bodies from nonfat sources, such as certain amino acids.

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22
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Water-soluble molecules produced in the liver as a result of fatty acid oxidation. They can then be oxidized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate.

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23
Q

Ketosis

A

A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands that free fatty acid oxidation cannot support.

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24
Exogenous ketones
Isolated ketone bodies usually consumed in supplement form.
25
Insulin resistance
The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes.
26
Ketoacidosis
Metabolic acidosis induced by very high levels of ketone bodies such as seen in type 1 diabetes or severe insulin resistance.
27
What term refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself?
Metabolism
28
Of the 20 amino acids used by the human body, how many are called essential amino acids?
9
29
For conversion purposes, how many calories equals 1 pound (about 0.5 kilogram) of body fat?
3,500 calories
30
Mechanical work
The physical processes that move the body and keep it alive, such as muscle contraction.
31
Adenosine diphosphate ADP
 high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate is formed.
32
The three main ways that phosphorylation is reached are known as the three metabolic pathway. What are they?
ATP-PC system Glycolytic system (glycolysis) Oxidative system (oxidative phosphorylation)
33
Phosphorylation
The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, such as in the transfer of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate to create adenosine triphosphate.
34
ATP-PC System
An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10–15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism.
35
Anaerobic
Processes relating to the absence of oxygen.
36
Glycolysis
A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate. Anaerobic glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen.
37
Oxidative phosphorylation
A series of reactions inside the mitochondria that uses oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate.
38
Aerobic
Processes relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen
39
Deamination
The breakdown of amino acids into substrates that can be used for energy metabolism.
40
Mitochondria
The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell.
41
Electron transport chain (ETC)
A series of protein complexes that transfer protons and electrons received from the citric acid cycle through a series of reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.
42
Acetyl coenzyme A
Produced by the breakdown of carbohydrates through glycolysis and by the fatty acids through beta-oxidation and is the precursor for these substrates to the citric acid cycle.
43
Beta-oxidation
The first step in the process to break down fats via oxidative phosphorylation.
44
Exogenous ketones
Isolated ketone bodies usually consumed in supplement form
45
Ketoacidosis
Metabolic acidosis induced by very high levels of ketone bodies
46
Insulin resistance
The inability of the cells to respond to insulin
47
Ketosis
A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands
48
What is the primary energy-providing molecule in the human body?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
49
What metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell is responsible for converting glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
Glycolysis
50
Steady-state aerobic exercise
Aerobic exercise that remains at a relatively constant intensity, including a stable heart rate and oxygen consumption.
51
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise.
52
Characteristics of the Three Energy Systems-Fuel Substrate
ATP-PC-Phosphocreatine (PC) Glycolysis-Stored glycogen and/or blood glucose Oxidative- Pyruvate and free fatty acids
53
Characteristics of the Three Energy Systems-Intensity Supported
ATP-PC-High Glycolysis-Moderate to high Oxidative-Low to moderate
54
Characteristics of the Three Energy Systems-Onset of Maximal ATP Production
ATP-PC-1 sec Glycolysis-5-10 sec Oxidative-2-3 min
55
Characteristics of the Three Energy Systems-Time to Exhaustion of the System
ATP-PC-10-15 sec Glycolysis-30-60 sec Oxidative-Theoretically unlimited
56
Characteristics of the Three Energy Systems-Ultimate Limiting Factor(s)
ATP-PC-Depletion of ATP-PC stores Glycolysis-Lactate and CO2 accumulation Oxidative-Insufficient oxygen, heat accumulation, muscle fatigue
57
What term is used to describe the state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise?
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
58
Any form of exercise can be defined by what two factors?
Intensity and duration
59
Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)
The total amount of energy expended in one day
60
Kilocalorie (kcal)
One food calorie. Also, the amount of energy needed to raise one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius
61
Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
The rate at which the body expends energy (calories) when fasted and at complete rest, such as asleep or lying quietly.
62
Exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT)
The calories expended through structured exercise or training.
63
Thermic effect of food (TEF)
The energy required to digest, absorb, and process nutrients that are consumed.
64
Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
Energy expenditure through daily activities outside of structured exercise, such as walking, completing household chores, and taking the stairs.
65
Physical activity level (PAL)
The number of calories a person expends through physical activity and structured exercise.
66
Metabolic equivalent (MET)
A measurement used to describe the energy cost of physical activity as multiples of resting metabolic rate. One MET is 3.5 mL of oxygen consumption per kilogram per minute.
67
Exercise activity thermogenesis EAT
The calories expended through structured exercise or training
68
Nonexercise activity thermogenesis
Energy expenditure through daily activities outside of structured exercise
69
Resting metabolic rate RMR
The rate at which the body expends energy when fasted and at complete rest
70
Thermic effect of food TEF
The energy required to digest, absorb, and process nutrients that are consumed
71
What term is used to describe the number of total calories expended per day divided by the resting metabolic expenditure? 
Physical activity level (PAL)

CPT Class (56 decks)

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