Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CPT Class > Ch. 8 Exercise Metabolism And Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Exercise Metabolism And Bioenergetics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
NASM ® CPT flashcards
1
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bioenergetics

A

The study of energy in the human body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Exercise metabolism

A

The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but merely converted from one form to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Macronutrients

A

Food substances required in large amounts to supply energy and include protein, carbohydrate, and fat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Substrates

A

Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Glucose

A

The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)

A

The point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)

A

The point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fats

A

One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. Fats help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body. In food, there are two types of fats: saturated and unsaturated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Triglyceride

A

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Free fatty acids

A

The by-products of the breakdown of stored or consumed fats, metabolized exclusively via the aerobic pathway, which uses oxygen to create adenosine triphosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Protein

A

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds; the building blocks of body tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Essential amino acid (EAA)

A

Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it; there are nine essential amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ketone bodiesis the name collectively used to refer to three molecules. What are they?

A

acetone,
acetoacetic acid, and
beta-hydroxybutyric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ketone bodiesis the name collectively used to refer to three molecules. What are they?

A

acetone,
acetoacetic acid, and
beta-hydroxybutyric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nonessential amino acids

A

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Negative energy balance

A

When calorie intake is lower than the number of calories expended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ketogenesis

A

The formation of ketone bodies from nonfat sources, such as certain amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Water-soluble molecules produced in the liver as a result of fatty acid oxidation. They can then be oxidized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ketosis

A

A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands that free fatty acid oxidation cannot support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Exogenous ketones

A

Isolated ketone bodies usually consumed in supplement form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Insulin resistance

A

The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Metabolic acidosis induced by very high levels of ketone bodies such as seen in type 1 diabetes or severe insulin resistance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What term refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself?

A

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Of the 20 amino acids used by the human body, how many are calledessential amino acids?

A

9

29
Q

For conversion purposes, how many calories equals 1 pound (about 0.5 kilogram) of body fat?

A

3,500 calories

30
Q

Mechanical work

A

The physical processes that move the body and keep it alive, such as muscle contraction.

31
Q

Adenosine diphosphate ADP

A

high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate is formed.

32
Q

The three main ways that phosphorylation is reached are known as the three metabolic pathway. What are they?

A

ATP-PC system

Glycolytic system (glycolysis)

Oxidative system (oxidative phosphorylation)

33
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, such as in the transfer of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate to create adenosine triphosphate.

34
Q

ATP-PC System

A

An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10–15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism.

35
Q

Anaerobic

A

Processes relating to the absence of oxygen.

36
Q

Glycolysis

A

A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate. Anaerobic glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen.

37
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

A series of reactions inside the mitochondria that uses oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate.

38
Q

Aerobic

A

Processes relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen

39
Q

Deamination

A

The breakdown of amino acids into substrates that can be used for energy metabolism.

40
Q

Mitochondria

A

The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell.

41
Q

Electron transport chain (ETC)

A

A series of protein complexes that transfer protons and electrons received from the citric acid cycle through a series of reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.

42
Q

Acetyl coenzyme A

A

Produced by the breakdown of carbohydrates through glycolysis and by the fatty acids through beta-oxidation and is the precursor for these substrates to the citric acid cycle.

43
Q

Beta-oxidation

A

The first step in the process to break down fats via oxidative phosphorylation.

44
Q

Exogenous ketones

A

Isolated ketone bodies usually consumed in supplement form

45
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Metabolic acidosis induced by very high levels of ketone bodies

46
Q

Insulin resistance

A

The inability of the cells to respond to insulin

47
Q

Ketosis

A

A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands

48
Q

What is the primary energy-providing molecule in the human body?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

49
Q

What metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cellis responsible for converting glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

Glycolysis

50
Q

Steady-state aerobic exercise

A

Aerobic exercise that remains at a relatively constant intensity, including a stable heart rate and oxygen consumption.

51
Q

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A

The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise.

52
Q

Characteristics of the Three Energy Systems-Fuel Substrate

A

ATP-PC-Phosphocreatine (PC)
Glycolysis-Stored glycogen and/or blood glucose
Oxidative- Pyruvate and free fatty acids

53
Q

Characteristics of the Three Energy Systems-Intensity Supported

A

ATP-PC-High
Glycolysis-Moderate to high
Oxidative-Low to moderate

54
Q

Characteristics of the Three Energy Systems-Onset of Maximal ATP Production

A

ATP-PC-1 sec
Glycolysis-5-10 sec
Oxidative-2-3 min

55
Q

Characteristics of the Three Energy Systems-Time to Exhaustion of the System

A

ATP-PC-10-15 sec
Glycolysis-30-60 sec
Oxidative-Theoretically unlimited

56
Q

Characteristics of the Three Energy Systems-Ultimate Limiting Factor(s)

A

ATP-PC-Depletion of ATP-PC stores
Glycolysis-Lactate and CO2accumulation
Oxidative-Insufficient oxygen, heat accumulation, muscle fatigue

57
Q

What term is used to describe the state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise?

A

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

58
Q

Any form of exercise can be defined by what two factors?

A

Intensity and duration

59
Q

Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)

A

The total amount of energy expended in one day

60
Q

Kilocalorie (kcal)

A

One food calorie. Also, the amount of energy needed to raise one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius

61
Q

Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

A

The rate at which the body expends energy (calories) when fasted and at complete rest, such as asleep or lying quietly.

62
Q

Exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT)

A

The calories expended through structured exercise or training.

63
Q

Thermic effect of food (TEF)

A

The energy required to digest, absorb, and process nutrients that are consumed.

64
Q

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

A

Energy expenditure through daily activities outside of structured exercise, such as walking, completing household chores, and taking the stairs.

65
Q

Physical activity level (PAL)

A

The number of calories a person expends through physical activity and structured exercise.

66
Q

Metabolic equivalent (MET)

A

A measurement used to describe the energy cost of physical activity as multiples of resting metabolic rate. One MET is 3.5 mL of oxygen consumption per kilogram per minute.

67
Q

Exercise activity thermogenesis EAT

A

The calories expended through structured exercise or training

68
Q

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis

A

Energy expenditure through daily activities outside of structured exercise

69
Q

Resting metabolic rate RMR

A

The rate at which the body expends energy when fasted and at complete rest

70
Q

Thermic effect of food TEF

A

The energy required to digest, absorb, and process nutrients that are consumed

71
Q

What term is used to describe the number of total calories expended per day divided by the resting metabolic expenditure?

A

Physical activity level (PAL)

CPT Class (56 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions