Ch 10 Supplementation Flashcards
Dietary supplement
A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: vitamin; mineral; herb or other botanical; amino acid; substance used by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake; or concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any previously described ingredient.
Essential nutrient
Must be obtained in the diet, as the body is incapable of producing the nutrient on its own.
Toxicity
When too much of a vitamin or mineral accumulates within the body, resulting in illness or other symptoms.
When did modern-day nutritional supplements originate?
1940s
Where was the first multivitamin product developed?
China
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
The primary legislation of the U.S. government regulating dietary supplements.
Code of Federal Regulations
Describes the laws and regulations for dietary supplements, including how supplements are labeled, manufactured, and brought to or removed from market.
Tolerable upper limit
The greatest quantity of a vitamin or mineral that may be consumed in a day without risk of an adverse health effect.
Adverse effect
Any unfavorable medical occurrence associated with the use of a medication, medical intervention, or dietary supplement.
Stimulant
An agent that increases physiologic or metabolic activity. Common stimulants include caffeine and nicotine.
Creatine
Molecule made from amino acids and used as a dietary supplement to facilitate adenosine triphosphate regeneration for improved training capacity, strength, power, and muscle mass.
Banned
A dietary supplement that may be prohibited from use in a specific sport or sport league. These supplements may not be illegal or prohibited at all times during the year.
Anabolic steroid
Compound made from testosterone or another hormone that acts on hormone receptors to produce increases in muscle size or strength.
Active ingredient
Any component of a dietary supplement included for the purpose of causing a physiologic effect; displayed on the main body of the supplement facts panel.
Other ingredient
Any component of a dietary supplement included for taste, bulk, or as a preservative; displayed beneath the main body of the supplement facts panel.
Supplement facts panel
Portion of a dietary supplement’s label that displays the active ingredients, other ingredients, serving size, number of servings, quantity of ingredients, and the percent daily value.
Daily value (DV)
Amount of a nutrient recommended to be consumed each day to maintain good health. Based on a 2,000-calorie diet for those ages 4 years and older.
Who enforces guidelines for dietary supplements in the United States?
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
What term is used to describe any unfavorable medical occurrence associated with the use of a medication, medical intervention, or dietary supplement?
Adverse effect
Health supplement
A dietary supplement used to improve a component of well-being
Performance supplement
A dietary supplement that may enhance performance or body composition; may also be referred to as an ergogenic aid.
Vitamins
Group of organic compounds required in small quantities in the diet to support growth and metabolic processes.
Minerals
Inorganic, natural substances, some of which are essential in human nutrition. There are two kinds of minerals: major minerals (aka, macrominerals) and trace minerals.
Biologically active
The form in which a vitamin must be to exert an effect within the body.
Biologically inactive
Any form of vitamin that cannot exert its effect within the body.
Beta-carotene
The red-orange pigment found in vegetables and fruits that is converted to vitamin A in the body.
Lactose intolerance
A sensitivity to lactose (milk sugar) typically resulting in gastrointestinal distress.
Irritable bowel syndrome
Gastrointestinal discomfort, sometimes severe, triggered by certain foods but is not a food allergy.
Rickets
A bone weakness disease caused by vitamin D deficiency.
Osteoporosis
A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture.
Heart arrhythmias
Irregular heartbeat
Platelet aggregation
An accumulation of blood cells prior to a clot.
Immunodeficiency
A weakened immune system
Peripheral neuropathy
Nerve damage not occurring in the brain or spinal cord.
Skeletal myopathy
Muscle degeneration
Collagen
A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.
Scurvy
A disease resulting from insufficient vitamin C and characterized by spontaneous bleeding (usually of the gums), anemia, swelling, weakened joints, and loss of teeth.
Beriberi
A thiamine deficiency that can result in inflammation or degeneration of the heart and nerves, peripheral neuropathy, and impaired motor function.
Pellagra
A niacin or tryptophan deficiency that leads to a skin rash (dermatitis), digestive disorders (diarrhea), and mood or cognitive decline (dementia).
Anorexia
A loss of appetite or the conscious decision to avoid eating, often leading to dangerously low body weight and/or malnourishment.
Anemia
A condition of poor iron status
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin, rashes, excessive dryness, and/or blistering.
Spina bifida
A birth defect, and type of neural tube defect, when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly.
Amenorrheic
Absence of menstruation
Osteopenia
Lower than normal bone density and a precursor to osteoporosis.
Lacto-ovo vegetarian
A vegetarian diet that also includes dairy and eggs.
Ovo-vegetarian
A vegetarian diet that also includes eggs.
Hypercalcemia
Excess blood calcium levels.
Heme
A type of iron found in animal foods.
Nonheme
type of iron found in plant foods.
