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CPT Class > Ch. 6- The Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive Systems > Flashcards

Ch. 6- The Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Respiratory system

A

A bodily system, also known as the pulmonary system, that brings oxygen into the lungs from breathed air while removing carbon dioxide from the lungs into the outside air; includes airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles.

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2
Q

Breathing is divided into two phases. What are they?

A

inspiration(or inhalation) andexpiration(exhalation)

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3
Q

Structures of the Respiratory Pump- Bones

A

Sternum (breastbone)

Ribs

Vertebrae (spine)

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4
Q

Structures of the Respiratory Pump- Inspiration Muscles

A

Diaphragm

External intercostals (muscles between individual ribs)

Scalenes (side of neck muscles)

Sternocleidomastoid (front of neck muscle)

Pectoralis minor (smaller chest muscle)

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5
Q

Structures of the Respiratory Pump- Expiration Muscles

A

Internal intercostals (muscles between individual ribs)

Abdominals

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6
Q

Respiratory pump

A

Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow for proper respiratory mechanics as well as pumping blood back to the heart during inspiration.

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7
Q

Inspiration

A

The process of contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body.

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8
Q

Expiration

A

The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body.

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9
Q

Inspiratory ventilation occurs in two forms. What are they?

A

normal resting state (quiet) breathing

heavy (deep, forced) breathing

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10
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

A process that involves expiring against a closed windpipe, creating additional intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability.

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11
Q

When should the Valsalva maneuver technique be minimized when working with client?

A

When the client has high blood pressure

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12
Q

The respiratory passages are divided into two categories. What are they?

A

conducting airways

respiratory airways

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13
Q

Structures of the Respiratory Passages- Conducting Airways

A

Nasal cavity

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Right and left pulmonary bronchi

Bronchioles

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14
Q

Structures of the Respiratory Passages- Respiratory Airways

A

Alveoli

Alveolar sacs

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15
Q

Diffusion

A

The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body.

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16
Q

Tachypnea

A

Respiratory rate that is too fast; greater than 24 breaths per minute.

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17
Q

Bradypnea

A

Respiratory rate that is too slow; fewer than 8 breaths per minute.

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18
Q

Dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath or labored breathing.

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19
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing

A

Breathing deeply by allowing the expansion of the abdominal area.

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20
Q

Lipolysis

A

The breakdown and utilization of fat for energy.

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21
Q

Enzyme

A

A substance in the body that causes a specific reaction or change.

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22
Q

Glands

A

Cells that release substances into the bloodstream (such as hormones) or other surface of the body.

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23
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messenger released from a gland that travels to cells to activate a specific function.

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24
Q

Target (receptor) cell

A

Cell that receives a message from a hormone or enzyme. Target cells exert an action after being stimulated or activated.

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25
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland.

26
Q

Pineal gland

A

A small gland in the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate sleep cycles.

27
Q

Pancreas

A

An organ with numerous functions, including the production of insulin, glucagon, and digestive juices.

28
Q

Thyroid gland

A

An endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, responsible for the secretion of many hormones, including thyroxin and calcitonin

29
Q

Pituitary gland

A

An endocrine gland that controls the secretion of many hormones, including growth hormone.

30
Q

Adrenal gland

A

A gland, located just above the kidneys, responsible for the secretion of catecholamines and cortisol.

31
Q

Reproductive glands

A

Glands, such as the ovaries or testes, that serve sex-specific functions

32
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that is responsible for glucose metabolism.

33
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose and functions opposite to insulin

34
Q

Substrates

A

Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.

35
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate

36
Q

Growth hormone

A

An anabolic hormone produced by the pituitary gland that is responsible for growth and development

37
Q

Catecholamines

A

Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response.

38
Q

Catabolic

A

Metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units used for energy.

39
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).

40
Q

Overtraining

A

Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in reduction of performance, which is also caused by a lack of proper rest and recovery.

41
Q

Testosterone

A

A hormone producing secondary male sex characteristics

42
Q

Anabolic

A

Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues.

43
Q

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF)

A

Anabolic hormone produced by the liver, which is responsible for growth and development.

44
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest.

45
Q

Calcitonin

A

Thyroid hormone that helps the body use calcium properly to aid with maintaining bone mineral density

46
Q

Glucose intolerance

A

A condition that results in elevated blood glucose levels.

47
Q

digestive system may be categorized into three functional regions. What are they?

A

(1) the head and neck, which includes the mouth,

(2) the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and
(3) the lower GI tract

48
Q

Gall bladder

A

An organ found below the liver, on the right side of the body, that receives bile from the liver and secretes it into the duodenum.

49
Q

Liver

A

An organ in the upper-right abdominal cavity with numerous functions, including the production and secretion of bile, which is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder prior to release into the duodenum.

50
Q

Motility

A

In the digestive system, refers to movements of the anatomical structures that allow contents to pass through.

51
Q

Mastication

A

The mechanical process whereby the oral muscles break down food

52
Q

Peristalsis

A

The muscle action of the gastrointestinal system that pushes food through the body during digestion

53
Q

Digestion

A

Multistep process that describes the passage of food through the body.

54
Q

Absorption

A

The process of nutrients being absorbed into the body during the digestive process.

55
Q

Esophagus

A

The anatomical part of the digestive tract that allows food to pass from oral cavity to stomach.

56
Q

Ingestion

A

The act of taking food, liquid, or other substances into the body in preparation for digestion.

57
Q

Chyme

A

A semifluid mass of digested food that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine.

58
Q

Chyme

A

A semifluid mass of digested food that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine

59
Q

Duodenum

A

Part of the small intestine that resides between the stomach and the jejunum

60
Q

Jejunum

A

Part of the small intestine that resides between the duodenum and the ileum.

61
Q

Ileum

A

The final section of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the cecum and leads to the large intestine.

CPT Class (56 decks)

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