Joints (axial) Flashcards
Types of joints
- Fibrous (synarthroses) Low
- Cartilaginous (synchondroses/amphiarthroses)
- Synovial (diarthroses)
Fibrous: sutures
No movement • Bones joined by fibrous material • Found in the skull (fissure/suture lines) • Ossify with age
Syndesmoses
- Limited movement
- Joined by ligaments
- Example: splint bone-III Mtc bone in horses, radius-ulna
Gomphosis
- No movement
- Joined by dental ligament
- Example: tooth - socket
Cartilaginous joints
(may also be known as fibrocartilaginous joints or synchondroses)
• some movement (e.g. vertebrae)
• Little to no movement (e.g. pubic, mandibular symphysis, first sternocostal joint)
• Temporary (epiphyseal plates)
Synovial joints (diarthroses)
- Found throughout the body
- Highly mobile, termed diarthrosis
- Specialised structures provide support to these joints
Components of synovial joints
- Joint cavity enclosed by a joint capsule (filled with synovial fluid)
- Synovial membrane (inner part of the capsule)
- Articular cartilage (bone surface, hyaline)
- Fibrous layer of joint capsule
- Periosteum (outside of bone)
- Compact bone
• Stabilisers : ligaments - fibrous connective tissue & menisci
What is the movement and an example of a synovial plane joint
Translation (sliding)
Intervertebral
What is the movement and an example of a synovial hinge ( ginglymus ) joint
Pendular
Metacarpophalangeal, elbow
What is the movement and an example of a synovial Pivot (peg in a ring) joint
Rotation
Atlantoaxial
What is the movement and an example of a synovial Condylar (condyles in the concave adjacent surfaces) joint
Flexion-extension and rotation
Stifle (femotibial), temporomandibular
What is the movement and an example of a synovial Ellipsoidal (ovoid in a cavity) joint
Flexion-extension Abduction- adduction
Radiocarpal joint
What is the movement and an example of a Saddle (mix of convex- concave surfaces) joint
Flexion-extension Abduction- adduction Rotation
Distal interphalangeal joint
What is the movement and an example of a Spheroidal (ball-and-socket) joint
Almost all types of movement
Coxofemoral joint, scapulohumeral joint
Fibrous
:
• Sutures (skull bones)
• Syndesmoses(radius-ulna)
• Gomphosis (tooth socket)
Cartilaginous
:
• Synchondroses (epiphyseal plates and hyoid apparatus) • Symphysis (mandible, pubic bones, intervertebral)
Synovial:
the rest of the body (almost!):
• Seven types (according to movement)
Joints associated axial skeleton
Sutures
- Mandibular symphysis
- Synchondroses hyoid apparatus-skull
- Synovial temporomandibular joins (TMTJ)
- Synovial occipital bone and C1
- Cartilaginous intervertebral
- Vertebra to rib
- Rib to rib
- Rib to sternum (sternocostal) – Cart
Main joints of the forelimb
- Shoulder
- Elbow
- Radio-ulna
- Radiocarpal
- Intercarpal
- Carpo-metacarpal
- Metacarpo-phalangeal
- Interphalangeal
Main joints of the hind limb
- Sacro-iliac joint
- Hip joint
- Femorotibial joint
- Tibia-fibula
- Tibiotarsal
- Intertarsal
- Tarso-metatarsal
- Metatarso-phalangeal
- Interphalangeal
Sutures - name made with bones of cranium
Bones of cranium
Sutures (Fibrous)
Mandibular symphysis
Left and right hemimandibles
Symphysis (cartilaginous)
Temporohyoid
Temporal and stylohyoid (hyoid apparatus)
Synchondroses (cartilaginous)
Temporomandibular (TMJ)
Temporal and mandible
Synovial
Atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial
Atlas and occipital bone, atlas and axis
Synovial
Intervertebral
Two vertebrae
Two types: cartilaginous (disc) and synovial (facets)
Costovertebral
Rib to vertebra
Synovial
Costochondral
Rib to rib (rib cartilage of previous rib)
Synchondroses (cartilaginous)
Sternocostal
Sternebrae to ribs
Synchondroses (cartilaginous)
Sacroiliac
Sacrum and ilium
Synovial
Joints associated to axial skeleton
- No joint with forelimb
- Hindlimb:
- Sacroiliac joint
- Hip joint (described here to help you with your CBL cases but it is part of the hindlimb)
Atlantooccipital
The atlantooccipital joint is the articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone. It consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
atlantoaxial joints
The atlantoaxial joint is a joint in the upper part of the neck between the first and second cervical vertebrae; the atlas and axis. It is a pivot joint.
Intervertebral (Cartilaginous) joint
The intervertebral joint consists of two adjacent vertebrae with a cushion in between. These fundamental intervertebral joint elements work together as a unit, and their purpose is to facilitate a movement of the spine
Intervertebral (Synovial) joint
These joints are found between the superior and inferior facets of adjoining vertebral arches.
Costovertebral (Synovial)
The costovertebral joints are the joints that connect the ribs to the vertebral column. The articulation of the head of the rib connects the head of the rib to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.
Costochondral joint
The costochondral joints are the joints between the ribs and costal cartilage in the front of the rib cage
Sternocostal (Cartilaginous) joints
The sternocostal joints also known as sternochondral joints (or costosternal articulations), are synovial plane joints of the costal cartilages of the true ribs with the sternum
Sacroiliac joint
The sacroiliac (SI) joint is located in the pelvis. It links the iliac bone (pelvis) to the sacrum (lowest part of the spine above the tailbone)
Sacrotuberous ligament
The sacrotuberous ligament is a slender, fan-shaped ligament of the posterior (back) pelvis located on either side of the body. This ligament arises midway down the posterior side of the sacrum, which is located at the spinal base.
Hip joint (coxofemoral joint)
Ball-and-socket, synovial • Articular labrum around acetabulum • Ligament of the femoral head • Surprisingly simple!! • Best accessed craniolateraly (for surgery) • Luxation and dysplasia very common
Acetabulum
Hip socket
Ligaments
- Dorsal atlantoaxial ligament
- Nuchal ligament -> supraspinous ligament
- Interspinous ligament
- Ventral longitudinal (vertebral) ligament
- Intercapital ligament (heads of ribs)
- Sacrotuberous ligament (already covered) • Hip joint ligaments (already covered)
Supraspinous ligament
The supraspinous ligament (supraspinal ligament) is a strong fibrous cord, which connects together the apices of the spinous processes from the seventh cervical vertebra to the sacrum
Interspinous ligament
The interspinous ligaments (interspinal ligaments) are thin and membranous ligaments, that connect adjoining spinous processes of the vertebra in the spine. They extend from the root to the apex of each spinous process
Other fibrous structures
Intervertebral disc
• Costochondral arch (costal arch) – cartilagineous part of the ribs
Nucleus pulposus
Nucleus pulposus is the inner core of the vertebral disc. The core is composed of a jelly-like material that consists of mainly water, as well as a loose network of collagen fibers. The elastic inner structure allows the vertebral disc to withstand forces of compression and torsion.
annulus fibrosus
the tough circular exterior of the intervertebral disc that surrounds the soft inner core, the nucleus pulposus. This outer portion is composed of a ring of ligament fibers that encases the inner core of the disc and securely connects the spinal vertebrae above and below the disc.
