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GI and Nutrition > 4.1.1 Integrative Metabolism I > Flashcards

4.1.1 Integrative Metabolism I Flashcards

1
Q

Describe how tryptophan can be converted to melatonin

A
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2
Q

Describe the other recycling pathway b/t the liver and muscle.

A
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3
Q

What is the key control enzyme in glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase

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4
Q

What is used in the glycogen synthesis? What is required?

A

Branching enzymes; UDP-glucose and a primer

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5
Q

Glycogen is what type of storage?

A

Short-term; Used in glycolysis and oxidative metabolism

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6
Q

What are some of the branchpoints off of pyruvate and acetyl CoA?

A
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7
Q

What is the main control factor of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Concentration of NADP+

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8
Q

Answer

A

B. Glucose

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9
Q

What are some of the activators/stimulators/inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase?

A

Activator: Citrate

Stimulator: Insulin

Inhibitors: Glucagon and Palmitoyl CoA

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10
Q

What are two key branch points in the urea cycle?

A

Arginine and Ornithine

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11
Q

What is the key control enzyme in fatty acid synthesis?

A

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

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12
Q

What type of reaction is used to remove glucose off of glycogen?

A

Phosphorolysis

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13
Q

Describe the process through which glucose can lead to the generation of ketone bodies

A
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14
Q

How do debranching enzymes work?

A
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15
Q

How/where are carbohydrates stored within the human body?

A

Glycogen - Liver, Muscle

Glucose - Extracellular

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16
Q

Describe when these enzymes (glycogen synthase, phosphorylase, phosphorylase kinase, protein phosphatase-1 inhibitor) are activated or inactivated?

A
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17
Q

Where does the debranching enzyme begin working on glycogen?

A

Begins at the non-reduced ends

18
Q

Answer

A

The pentose phosphate cycle

19
Q

What are the 7 principles of metabolic regulation?

A
  1. Substrate supply
  2. Allosteric interactions
  3. Covalent modifications
  4. Enzyme levels
  5. Compartmentation
  6. Organ specialization
  7. Endocrine controls
20
Q

What is a key control step (enzyme) in gluconeogenesis?

A

Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase

21
Q

What are some of the uniftying themes in intermediary metabolsim?

A
22
Q

Describe the circular steps of the TCA cycle

A
23
Q

Describe the step-wise pathways of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis b/t glucose and pyruvate.

A
24
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A highly-branched structure with (1-6) branches occuring every 4th residue

25
Q

Describe the conversion of tyrosine to epinephrine

A
26
Q

Describe the pattern of liver glycogen content over a 24 hr period

A

Varies

27
Q

Electron donor in reductive synthetic reactions?

A

NADPH

28
Q

What enzyme aids in the conversion of tyrosine to thyroxine (T4)? What does this enzyme require?

A

Thyriod peroxidase; H2O2

29
Q

Electron acceptor in oxidative degradative reactions

A

NAD+

30
Q

What are the three main compartments in cells?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

Cytosol

Interplay of both compartments

31
Q

Answer

A

Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase

32
Q

What are some of the activators/inhibitors/stimulators of Fructose-1,6-bisphospatase?

A

Activator: Citrate

Inhibitors: AMP, F-2,6-BP, Insulin

Stimulators: Glucagon, cortisol

33
Q

Describe what metabolic pathways occur in the following compartments: Mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, both.

A
34
Q

Answer

A

C. Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

35
Q

What are some activators/inhibitors of phosphofructokinase?

A

Activators: F-2,6-BP, AMP

Inhibitors: ATP and citrate

36
Q

What enzyme converts T4 to T3

A

5’-deiodinase

37
Q

Answer

A

B. Phosphofructokinase 1

38
Q

What are the key metabolic branch points of glucose metabolism

A
39
Q

Describe the recycling pathway that exists b/t the liver and muscle. What is this cycle known as?

A

Cori Cycle

40
Q

What reaction must occur in the liver for it to leave the tissue and enter the blood?

A

The bottom reaction

41
Q

Summarize the urea cycle

A
42
Q

What is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

GI and Nutrition (57 decks)

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