2.2.1 Pathology of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiency

Question 1

Kwashiorkor can lead to puffy appearance why is this?

Answer 1

Edema due to loss of protein

Question 2

Thiamine (B1) Deficiency can lead to?

Answer 2

Attacks nerves, heart and brain

Dry beriberi (polyneuropathy) - classically presents with toe, foot and wrist drop

Wet beriberi

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Question 3

What are the characteristics of riboflavin?

Answer 3

Question 4

Niacin deficiency can cause what?

Answer 4

The 3 D’s

Dermatitis

Diarrhea

Dementia

Question 5

What are the two protein compartments?

Answer 5

Somatic protein

Visceral protein

Question 6

What are the characteristics of Vitamin A?

Answer 6

Question 7

What are the characteristics of secondary protein-energy malnutrition?

Answer 7

Increased basal metabolic rate

Cachexia - usually in end stage disease - depletion of subQ fat

Question 8

What is Marasmus?

Answer 8

Deficiency of total food intake

Question 9

Compare anorexia nervosa and bulimia

Answer 9

Question 10

What are the characteristics of B-complex vitamins?

Answer 10

Question 11

What are the characteristics of Vitamin A Toxicity?

Answer 11

Question 12

What are the water soluble vitamins?

Answer 12

Vitamin C and B

Question 13

How do Marasmus and Kwashiorkor? (Compare table)

Answer 13

Question 14

Draw a compare and contrast for function of Vitamin A and deficiency?

Answer 14

Functions - differentiation of epithelial cells - maintain respiratory epithelium, urothelium, and healthy epidermis; Enhances immune response

Deficiency - predisposes to pulmonary infections - hyperplasia and hyperkeratinization

KNOW THE EYE CHANGES

Question 15

Marasmus and Kwashiorkor both can lead to what?

Answer 15

Stunted growth

Anemia

Infections and defects in immunity

Multi-vitamins

Question 16

What is protein-energy malnutrition?

Answer 16

Inadequate intake of protein and calories to meed bodies needs

Associated with diarrhea

Question 17

What are the characteristics of Vitamin K?

Answer 17

Required for the functional activity of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X and protein C/S

Question 18

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 18

Vitamin A, D, E, and K

Question 19

What is going to occur with a vitamin K deficiency?

Answer 19

Bleeding

Question 20

What is Kwashiorkor?

Answer 20

Deficiency of protein intake

Babies who are weaned early and then fed exclusively carbohydrate diet

Less severe forms: diarrhea, protein losing enteropathies, nephrotic syndrome

Question 21

What are the functions, sources, and deficiency of Vitamin E?

Answer 21

Question 22

What is the function and deficiency in Vitamin C?

Answer 22

Functions - normal collagen

Deficiency - scurvy

Question 23

Make a compare and contrast of Vitamin D function and deficiency

Answer 23

Question 24

What are the important characteristics of folate?

Answer 24

Folate is required in pregnancy!

Can predispose to neural tube defects

Question 25

What could be a result of Hypervitamin D?

Answer 25

Hypercalcemia, metastatic calcification, and bone pain

Question 26

Who is at risk for developing beriberi?

Answer 26

Alcoholics

Pregnant w/ vomiting

Impaired appetite

Extended IV glucose therapy w/o supplemental vitamins

Question 27

Compare a deficiency in Vitamin D to Vitamin C?

Answer 27

Question 28

Individuals with anorexia or bulimia are prone to?

Answer 28

Hypokalemia - increased risk for arrythmia

Question 29

What is Carotenemia?

Answer 29

Usually from eating too many carrots or “sun-tanning” pills

Yellow orange skin

Question 30

What are the characteristics of Vitamin B12 deficiency?

Answer 30