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Step 1 > 4/1 - UW 38 > Flashcards

4/1 - UW 38 Flashcards

1
Q

How does herpes zoster present clinically?

A

Burning sensation/pain in a dermatome

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2
Q

How does herpes zoster present histologically?

A

Sample from a vesicle base reveals INTRAnuclear inclusions in keratinocytes and multinucleated giant cells (positive Tzank smear)

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3
Q

Pancreatic pseudocysts are formed by what tissue?

A

Granulation tissue (pancreatic enzymes induce inflammatory reaction in walls of surrounding organs)

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4
Q

How do the walls of cysts and pseudocysts differ?

A

True cyst: epithelial cells

Pseudocyst: granulation tissue

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5
Q

If reducing the dose of levodopa/carbidopa doesn’t help reduce neuro sx, what can be given?

A

Atypical antipsychotics (eg clozapine)

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6
Q

Which one is worse, CGD or Myeloperoxidase deficiency?

A

MPO def

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7
Q

With Niacin administration, medications for what comorbidities need to be adjusted?

A

Anti-HTN: need to decrease (compounding vasodilatory effects)
DM: need to increase (Niacin increases insulin resistance)
Gout: need to be careful (Niacin increases uricemia)

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8
Q

Which glomerular arteriole is constricted by Angiotensin II?

A

Efferent!

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9
Q

After how long is ischemic myocardial damage no longer reversible?

A

Over 30 min

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10
Q

What makes tPA a clot-specific thrombolytic?

A

Only binds plasminogen in the presence of fibrin

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11
Q

What 3 antithrombotic agents bind to plasminogen?

A

tPA, streptokinase, urokinase

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12
Q

Scopolamine MOA? Use?

A

Muscarinic antagonist (ie in the gut)

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13
Q

What part of the spinal cord is most affected by tabes dorsalis?

A

Dorsal roots and dorsal columns

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14
Q

What is a late stage urinary sx of BPH?

A

Overflow incontinence

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15
Q

What disease can cause glomerular sclerosis and hyalinosis?

A

Diabetic nephrosclerosis

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16
Q

What effect does cAMP have on platelet aggregation?

A

Decrease

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17
Q

What agents increase platelet cAMP? How?

A

Dipyridamole and Cilostazol increase platelet cAMP (decreasing aggregation) by decreasing phosphodiesterase (which breaks down cAMP)

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18
Q

Which platelet phosphodiesterase inhibitor is also a direct arterial vasodilator?

A

Cilostazol

19
Q

When is argatroban used?

A

Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. It is a direct thrombin inhibitor

20
Q

What cells mediate the formation of noncaseating granulomas in Crohns disease?

A

Th1

21
Q

For what cases of C. diff would you use each of the following: metronidazole, vancomycin, fidaxomicin?

A

Metronidazole: mild/moderate cases
Vancomycin: severe cases
Fidaxomicin: recurring cases

22
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Polycythemia Vera?

A

Peptic ulceration (altered blood viscosity)
Itching (histamine release)
Gouty arthritis (increased cell turnover)
Moderate, reversible HTN (expanded blood volume)

23
Q

What signaling pathway mediates Polycythemia Vera?

A

Mutation in JAK2 (non-receptor tyrosine kinase associated with EPO receptor), causing constant phosphorylation of STAT

24
Q

What lymphoma is mediated by constitutive expression of a transcription factor?

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc overexpression)

25
Q

What type of tyrosine kinase is JAK2?

A

Non-receptor associated, linked to various myeloproliferative disorders (PV, essential thrombocythemia, primary myelofibrosis)

26
Q

In which organs do Fluorinated anesthetics increase or decrease blood flow?

A

Increase: cerebral
Decrease: renal, hepatic

27
Q

What monoclonal antibody is used in NHL against CD20?

A

Rituximab

28
Q

What monoclonal ab to TNF-alpha is used in RA?

A

Infliximab (also used for ankylosing spondylitis and fistulizing Crohn’s disease)

29
Q

How does imatinib treat CML?

A

Inhibitor of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase

30
Q

“Ground glass” cytoplasm is seen in what thyroid pathology?

A

Papillary carcinoma

31
Q

What thyroid pathology is seen in MEN 2A and 2B?

A

Medullary thyroid cancer

32
Q

In which glycogen storage disease do you see glycogen accumulation in lysosomal vacuoles?

A

Pompe disease, alpha-glucosidase

33
Q

Which glycogen storage disease do you NOT see muscle involvement?

A

Von Gierke disease, glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency

34
Q

What is the process of collagen synthesis?

A

In the ER:

  1. Signal sequence is removed
  2. Hyroxylation of proline and lysine (vit C dependent)
  3. Glycosylation of hydroxylysine
  4. Triple helix formation and secretion

Extracellular:

  1. Procollagen peptidases cleave into tropocollagen
  2. Covalent crosslinking by lysyl oxidase
35
Q

What is the most likely cause of death due to rheumatic fever?

A

Severe myocarditis (causing cardiac dilation, MR, and HF)

36
Q

At how many weeks gestation do lecithin levels start to rise?

A

32-33 weeks

37
Q

What stimulates lung maturation?

A

Cortisol

38
Q

How do oxytocin levels change during pregnancy?

A

They don’t. Oxytocin RECEPTORS increase in the myometrium later in pregnancy

39
Q

End state chronic liver disease is characterized by what histology?

A

Cirrhosis: diffuse fibrosis with replace of normal lobular architecture by fibrous lined regenerative parenchymal nodules

40
Q

In what hepatic pathology do you see dilation of sinusoids and perivenular hemorrhage?

A

Budd Chiari syndrome

41
Q

In what hepatic pathology do you see granulomatous destruction of bile ducts?

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis

42
Q

In what gender do you see PBC?

A

Women

43
Q

How is Ras protein activated?

A

Binding to GTP

44
Q

What does MAPK do?

A

Nuclear transcription factor

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