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Step 1 > 3/26 - UW 27 > Flashcards

3/26 - UW 27 Flashcards

1
Q

How does vit K activate factors 7, 9, 10?

A

Vit K is the cofactor for hepatic microsomal carboxylase, which converts glutamyl residues into y-carboxyglutamates

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2
Q

Sources of dietary vit K?

A

Dark leafy greens, green tea, beef liver

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3
Q

What 4 populations tend to have vit K def?

A
  1. malabsorption
  2. abx tx reducing intestinal flora
  3. neonates
  4. generalized liver disease
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4
Q

What is the Hawthorn effect?

A

Observer effect: tendency for study subjects to change the observed behavior

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5
Q

What is Berkson’s bias?

A

Selection bias due to selecting hospitalized patients as the control group

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6
Q

What is the Pygmalion effect?

A

The researcher’s belief in the efficacy of a tx can affect outcomes

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7
Q

What is the effect of low dose epinephrine on dBP?

A

Decrease, due to b2 > a1

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8
Q

What is the effect of high dose epinephrine on dBP?

A

Increase, due to a1 > b2

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9
Q

What receptors does Phenylephrine act on?

A

alpha adrenergic agonist

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10
Q

What receptors does Isoproterenol act on?

A

Beta-adrenergic agonist

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11
Q

What is characteristic of bacterial meningitis on CSF?

A

Neutrophils, low glucose, high protein

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12
Q

What is characteristic of viral meningitis on CSF?

A

Lymphocytes, normal glucose, high protein

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13
Q

Sudden onset tachypnea and chest pain in a hospitalized patient should suggest what?

A

PE, especially with immobilization and recent surgery

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14
Q

What receptor mediates vagal effect on bronchial smooth muscles?

A

Muscarinic, M3, ACh receptors

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15
Q

In what type of membranous nephropathy (idiopathic or secondary) do you see elevated serum PLA2R?

A

Idiopathic, but not secondary (e.g. SLE-induced)

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16
Q

What is Dupuytren’s contracture?

A

Benign, slowly progressive fibroproliferation of the palmar fascia, eventually contracting the fingers into flexion.

17
Q

What molecule accumulates in Fabry disease? What is the deficiency?

A

Ceramide trihexoside accumulates due to alpha-galactosidase A deficiency

18
Q

What is acroparesthesia?

A

Episodic, debilitating, burning neuropathic pain in the extremities

19
Q

What causes vitiligo?

A

Loss of epidermal melanocytes

20
Q

How do nitrates and phosphodiesterase inhibitors combine to cause profound hypotension?

A

NO increases cGMP, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors decrease cGMP breakdown

21
Q

Stimulation of what receptors leads to pupillary dilation?

A

alpha1

22
Q

Stimulation of what receptors leads to uterine relaxation?

A

beta2

23
Q

What end organs does beta2 act on? Effect?

A

Peripheral vasculature (vasodilation)
Bronchi (bronchodilation)
Uterus (relaxation…“dilation”)

24
Q

What end organs does alpha1 act on? Effect?

A 
Peripheral vasculature (constriction)
Internal urethral sphincter (constriction)
Pupillary dilator muscle (constriction)
25
Q

How does the nicotinic ACh receptor work?

A

5 subunits. Opens when ACh binds to BOTH binding sites. Allows immediate INFLUX OF Na and Ca, and EFFLUX OF K

26
Q

What enzyme converts 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine to active metabolites?

A

HGPRT

27
Q

What enzyme degrades 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine to inactive metabolites?

A

Xanthine oxidase and Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT)

28
Q

What is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor?

A

Allopurinol

29
Q

Where are most anal fissures?

A

Longitudinal tear in the mucosa of the DISTAL anal canal at the POSTERIOR midline

30
Q

What are the criteria for bulimia nervosa?

A

Recurrent binge eating WITH compensatory behaviors (purging or nonpurging), occuring 2x/wk for >3mo

31
Q

Loss of what enzyme characterizes CGD?

A

NADPH oxidase

32
Q

What color will the NBT test be in CGD patients?

A

Remain yellow

33
Q

What is the most common mutation to induce adenomatous polyps?

A

APC, with progression K-ras, p53, DCC

34
Q

What dermatologic condition has a rough texture with overlying whitish scale?

A

Actinic keratoses

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