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Question 1

Meconium from the umbilicus results from persistence of what embryological structure?

Answer 1

Yolk stalk (vitelline duct)

Question 2

What is an omphalocele?

Answer 2

Incomplete closure of anterior abdominal wall: protruding viscera covered by peritoneum

Question 3

What is a gastroschisis?

Answer 3

Viscera protrudes through anterior abd wall without a peritoneal covering

Question 4

Lipoic acid as a cofactor for what 3 enzymes?

Answer 4

1. PDH (def. leads to lactic acidosis)
2. alpha-ketoglutarate DH
3. Branched-chain ketoacid DH (def. leads to maple syrup urine disease)

Question 5

Deficiency in which enzyme leads to maple syrup urine disease?

Answer 5

Branched chain ketoacid DH

Question 6

What is indicated by seeing distended macrophages in the intestinal lamina propria?

Answer 6

Whipple disease

Question 7

What is indicated by collections of neutrophils in the crypt lumina?

Answer 7

Ulcerative colitis

Question 8

What is indicated by intestinal inflammation with scattered noncaseating granulomas?

Answer 8

Crohns disease

Question 9

Stop codons

Answer 9

UGA (you go away)
UAG (you are going)
UAA (you are away)

Question 10

What receptors are stimulated by organophosphates (like in pesticides)?

Answer 10

Nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Question 11

Defects in which steps of porphyrin synthesis cause photosensitivity?

Answer 11

Late steps: URO decarboxylase, COPRO oxidase, PROTO oxidase, ferrochelatase

Question 12

CD15 is marker for what?

Answer 12

Granulocytes, Reed-Sternberg cells (good marker for Hodgkin lymphoma)

Question 13

CD16 is found on what cells?

Answer 13

CD16 is a low affinity Fc receptor found on surface of NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages

Question 14

When is natriuretic peptide secreted?

Answer 14

In cardiac myocytes in response to volume overload

Question 15

Mechanism for reperfusion injury?

Answer 15

generation of oxygen free radicals and/or local complement activation