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3/1 Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent renal arteriole is towards or away from the glomerulus?

A

Afferent is towards (pre) glomerulus

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2
Q

What type of cells compose the juxtaglomerular apparatus? Where do they reside?

A

JGA cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent glomerular arterioles.
They synthesize renin.

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3
Q

Status epilepticus refers to what kind of seizure?

A

Tonic-clonic sz lasting more than 30min.
Without return to consciousness.
Recurrent or continuous.

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4
Q

First line drug for status epilepticus? Why?

A 
IV benzodiazepine (Lorazepam is drug of choice)
Fast onset of action (within minutes)
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5
Q

What drug is given concurrently with lorazepam for status epilepticus? Why?

A

IV phenytoin
Prevents recurrence of szs
15 min onset

Inhibits neuronal high-freq firing by reducing Na channel deinactivation

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6
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a serum marker for what disease?

A

Colorectal cancer (CRC)

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7
Q

CA-125 is a serum marker for what disease?

A

Ovarian cancer. Poor screening tool, PPV only 3%

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8
Q

Acid phosphatase is a marker for what?

A

Prostate tumor, active osteoclast bone resorption

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9
Q

SLE patients who have paradoxically prolonged PTT have what syndrome? What are common symptoms?

A

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS).
At risk for venous and arterial thromboembolism
At risk for recurrently pregnancy loss

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of septic arthritis in sexually active young adults?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Intracellular organism!
Presents with asymmetrical large joint polyarthritis

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11
Q

What is the first step of the urea cycle? (Substrates, enzyme, and product)

A

Substrates: CO2, NH4, ATP
Enzyme: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
Product: Carbomyl phosphate

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12
Q

What is the AA primary structure change in HbS?

A

Valine (nonpolar, hydrophobic) in place of Glutamic acid (charged) in the 6th position in the beta subunit

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13
Q

Tyrosine kinase second messenger system activates what molecule?

A

Protein phosphatase

Insulin action

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14
Q

GPCR/adenylate cyclase second messenger system activates what molecule?

A

cAMP activates PKA

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15
Q

GPCR/IP3 second messenger system activates what molecule?

A

Phospholipase C, which degrates IP3 to diacylglycerol, which activates PKC (along with increased intracellular Ca from IP3)

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16
Q

JAK-_____, second messenger system

A

JAK-STAT

17
Q

Benzodiazepine MoA?

A

Increases GABA receptor-chloride channel opening FREQUENCY, increased Cl influx, hyperpolarizes membrane

18
Q

Benzo vs Barbs, which one increases Cl channel opening FREQ vs DURATION?

A 
Benzo = higher FREQ
Barb = longer DURATION
19
Q

Organism visualized by silver stain and cultured on buffered charcoal yeast extract? (BCYE)

A

Legionella pneumophila (aerosolization of contaminated water in commercial and hospital settings)

20
Q

What are the two most common organisms to cause bacteriemia in sickle cell patients? (who become functionally asplenic)

A

Encapsulated organisms:
1. Stretococcus pneumoniae
2. Haemophilus influzenzae
(Asplenic patients receive penicillin prophylaxis and pneumococcal vax)

21
Q

Sorbitol dehydrogenase converts sorbitol into what?

A

Fructose

22
Q

CHF, give which beta blocker?

A

Carvedilol

23
Q

What type of virus is CMV?

A

enveloped ds DNA

24
Q

Interstitial PNA in a transplant patient showing intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies = what organism?

A

CMV

25
Q

What component of endotoxin (LPS) is responsible for its toxic properties?

A

Lipid A

26
Q

Does myasthenia gravis muscle weakness increase or decrease with activity?

A

Increase

27
Q

Does Eaton-Lambert muscle weakness increase or decrease with activity?

A

Decrease

28
Q

Proximal muscle weakness = ?

A

polymyositis

29
Q

What is the most common age affected by Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP)?

A

2-10 years old, preceded by viral or streptococcal URI

HSP is the most common small vessel vasculitis in children

30
Q

What organ systems are most affected by Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP)?

A

GI tract (intermittent severe abd pain, upper and lower GI bleed, increased risk for intussesception)
Kidneys (identical effects as IgA nephropathy (Berger disease): mesangial proliferation and crescent formation)
Skin (palpable purpura on buttocks and LE)
Joints (self limited migratory arthralgias)

Step 1 (49 decks)

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