🟣 3.1 Emergence of the Globalisation of Sport in the 21st Century: The Rationalisation & Mordernalisaton of Lawn Tennis & Track and Field Athletics Flashcards
What was lawn tennis originally called
Sphairistike
Who created lawn tennis and why
The middle class created lawn tennis as they aspired to be like the upper class in society but where excluded from or could not play real tennis. They devised their own form of tennis which was suitable for their middle class surburban housing with lawn gardens
What individual created lawn tennis and when
Major Walter Clopton Wingfield on 23 February 1974
Who was originally excluded from lawn tennis
The lower class
What happened in 1877 to do with lawn tennis
The All England Croquet club had been renamed the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club
When was the first Wimbledon tournament
1877
When was female allowed in lawn tennis
1884
What was a consequence of female involvement in lawn tennis
Positive female role models for example Lottie Dodd who won 5 ladies singles titles in the late 19th century
Who was the first female winner of Wimbledon
Miss Maud Watson
How did lawn tennis aid women involvement
Because it could be played in seclusion and privacy provided by their own garden. They could play the game as a ‘minimum exercise activity’ dressed in a modest and reserved way with their bodies fully covered. Also, lawn tennis was seen as not too vigorous so they were not expected to sweat which was seen as unladylike. They could also play the game with both males and females as part of social gatherings, improving their health at the same time
7 key features of lawn tennis
- middle class invention
- played by middle class
- organised by middle class
- use of specialist equipment (middle class had sufficient finances to fund specialist equipment)
- played by males and females
- public provision, eventuallly spread to lower class
What where developed as the 4 majors
USA France Australia and Wimbledon
When where professional tours and tournaments established
Early 1920s
What was ‘shamateurism’
Amateurs taking money illegally to play
What happened in 1968 to Do with tennis
Shamateurism led to the abandonment of the distinction between amateur and professional, the open era began which all players could compete in all tournaments
What was the consequences of the open era
- the establishment of an international professional tennis circuit
- revenues from sales of TV rights
- popularity of the game spread
1968 Wimbledon distinct inequalities in rewards
£2000 to Rod Laver
£750 Billie Jean King
Who fought for the prize money of Wimbledon to be the same for both genders
Women’s tennis association (WTA) including billie Jean king and eventually in 2007, both where £700,000
How did the WTA provide equal opportunities for women tennis players
They decided to create their own tour away from the men’s game. Providing ground breaking opportunities for women to play at the top level
Who was the first female to earn £100,000 in a single year
Billie Jean King
What did the WTA state in 2015
More than 2500 elite players competed for $129 million at the 55 WTA events and 4 grand slams
What was rural fairs replaced by and why
As a result of the industrialisation of society and large numbers of people moving to towns and cities, urban fairs became popular
What occurred to do with track and field events as a result of urbanisation
Purpose built facilities built and tracks
Difference for classes in track and field events
Lower class ran for money, deemed as professionals
Upper and middle ran for enjoyment and to test themselves
What is an exclusion cause
Excluding the working class and manual labours
Exclusion cause in athletics
There was an exclusion cause to separate Modern athletics from the old professional and corrupt form
Workings of AAC
In 1886, the amateur athletic club was formed by public school and ex university men who where gentlemen amateurs and excluded the working class from entering and earning money from athletics. They brought respectability to athletics , emphasising endeavour, fair play, courage and no wagering
Workings of the AAA
amateur athletic association = withdrew exclusion clause and opened up the sport to everyone. This caused a professional to be someone who ran for money not a working class
When was the AAA founded
24 April 1880
Where women allowed to compete in athletics
Athletics was not deemed to be an acceptable activity for women. It was thought to be unladylike, and unable to follow an appropriate dress code
When was the women’s AAA created
1922
First time women could compete in the olympics
1928 Amsterdam, not above 800m as seen too strenuous
What did trust funds enable for athletes in athletics
Enabled athletes to safeguard their eligibility to take part in amateur comps, but still enable them to receive financial rewards. This enabled athletes to travel all over the world to travel and compete
Why are there no trust funds in athletics today
Because payments can be made to athletes or agents within the rules laid out by the international amateur athletics association now called the international associati9jn of athletics federation
What did the IAAF establish and organise in early 21st century
A number of major international athletics competitions for males as well as females where they could make considerable amounts of money
When was the marathon first open to women
Los Angeles 1984
When was the triple jump and hammer introduced to women
Atlanta 1996 and Sydney 2000
